Lipids
Lipids are constituents of plants and tissues which are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform, ether, carbon tetrachloride or benzene. They added a large type of elements of varying structures such as oils and fats; steroids, phospholipids etc. Lipids are usually prepared of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon. The number of oxygen atoms in a lipid molecule is always small as compared to the number of carbon molecules. Sometimes small number of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur also exist. They have a large portion of their structure like a hydrocarbon. Lipids provide as energy save for use in metabolism and as a major structural material in cell membranes for regulating the activities of cell and tissues.
The functions of triglycerides are as given
(1) They are energy reserves in the cells and tissues of living process. When digested, triglycerides are hydrolysed to fatty acids and glycerol.
(2) Catabolism of fatty acids forms acetyl-coenzyme-A. Most of the power of fatty acids is changed into ATP.
(3) Acetyl coenzyme is the initial substance for the synthesis of many compounds.
(4) Fats dropped beneath the skin and around the internal organs minimize loss of body heat and also act as cushions to absorb mechanical impacts.
Another very important class of lipids is the phospholipids. These are polar lipids and same as the fats, are esters of glycerol. In that type, however, only two fatty acid molecules are esterified to glycerol, at the first and second carbon molecule. The last end point of the glycerol is esterified to a molecule of phosphoric acid, which in turn is also esterified to another alcohol. This provides a common structure.
Cell membranes are composed of phopholipids and proteins in about same, proportion. The phospholipids in the substance appear to be arranged in a double layer or bilayer in which the non-polar tails face one another, thereby exposing the polar tends to the aqueous environment on either side of the membrane. Proteins obtained in the membrane are embedded in the mossaic formed by the lipids.
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