Levelling effect and classification of solvents: In acid-base strength series, all acids above H₃O⁺ in aqueous solution fall to the strength of H₃O⁺. Similarly the basic strength of bases above OH^- fall to the strength of OH^-in aqueous solution. This is termed as levelling effect. The levelling effect of water is because of its high dielectric constant and strong proton accepting tendency.

On the basis of proton interaction, the solvents are majorly of four types,

(i) The Protophilic solvents : The Solvents which have greater tendency to accept protons, that is water, alcohol, liquid ammonia, etc.

(ii) The Protogenic solvents : Solvents which have the tendency to produce protons, that is water, liquid hydrogen chloride, glacial acetic acid, etc.

(iii) The Amphiprotic solvents : The Solvents which act both as protophilic or protogenic, for example water, ammonia, ethyl alcohol, etc.

(iv)The Aprotic solvents : The solvents which neither donate nor accept protons, for example benzene, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulphide, etc.

 
HCl acts as acid in H₂O, stronger acid in NH₃, weak acid in CH₃COOH, neutral in C₆H₆ and a weak base in HF.

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