The Junction Diode
The effect described in earlier topic is achieved without any external voltage being applied to actual PN junction resulting in the junction being in the state of equilibrium. Although, if we were to make electrical connections at ends of both the N-type and P-type materials and then connect them to the battery source, an additional energy source exists now to overcome the barrier resulting in the free charges being able to cross depletion region from one side to other. The behavior of PN junction with regards to the potential barrier width produces an asymmetrical conducting 2 terminal device, known as Junction Diode.
The diode is one of the simplest semiconductor devices, which has characteristic of passing the current in one direction only. Although, unlike a resistor, a diode don't behave linearly with respect to applied voltage as the diode has an exponential I-V relationship and thus we cannot described its operation by simply making use an equation like Ohm's law.
If the suitable positive voltage is applied in between the two ends of PN junction, it can supply free electrons and holes with extra energy they need to cross the junction as width of the depletion layer around PN junction is decreased. By applying the negative voltage results in the free charges being pulled away from junction resulting in the depletion layer width getting increased. This has the effect of increasing or decreasing the effective resistance of junction itself permitting or blocking current flow through diode.
Then depletion layer widens with the increase in application of a reverse voltage and gets narrow with an increase in application of the forward voltage. This is because of the differences in the electrical properties on 2 sides of the PN junction resulting in the physical changes occuring. One of the results produces rectification as seen in PN junction diodes static I-V (current-voltage) characteristics. The rectification is shown by the asymmetrical current flow when the polarity of bias voltage is changed.
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