Java inheritance hierarchy:

You will remember that we described inheritance and a graphical notation that describes the inheritance hierarchy. An example of this notation is shown in Figure.

This shows classC and classD inheriting from classB which, in turn, inherits from classA. 

All the classes in Java form part of a massive inheritance hierarchy. There will be two types of class in this hierarchy: user-defined and those within the Java class library. 

Later we shall look at many of the facilities within this library - all that you need to know at this stage is that it consists of a large number of classes, which are useful for a variety of application areas. 

Figure shows part of the Java inheritance hierarchy, including the root of the hierarchy, which is the class whose name is Object. The class Object has no superclass.

The classes that programmers develop will: 

• either explicitly inherit from some named class by using the keyword extends;
• or implicitly inherit from the class whose name is Object.

As an example of this, consider the declaration:

public class ClassName
{

// instance variables

// constructors

// methods

}

Even though this class does not include the keyword extends, which would indicate that the class inherits from another class, Java assumes that it will inherit from the class known as Object. It would mean the same thing if we wrote: 

public class ClassName extends Object
{

// instance variables

// constructors

// methods

}

So every class extends another class, except for the class Object, which is at the top of the class hierarchy. That having the superclass Object at the top of the class hierarchy enables us to develop very powerful classes. It is also important because Object has some significant general-purpose methods. Key amongst these are equals, clone, toString and finalize. We will consider only toString and equals here. These methods are inherited by every class (other than Object, which de?nes them). 

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