Internal energy of a body is point or state function and is shown by the symbol U. A perfect gas is contained in a closed vessel then the zigzag motion of gas molecules within the vessel is called as disordered motion. The motion is directly referred to temperature of perfect gas. As the gain in temperature of gas, the disordered motion of gas particles increases and hence the internal energy also increases. Internal energy of body is sum of potential energy and kinetic energy. In a perfect gas the total energy of the gas is only the kinetic energy of the partials as it is given that gas molecules are far apart. The kinetic energy of an ideal gas relays on the temperature of the gas.
Heat And Work:
Heat is the energy that is operated due to differences in temperature between the body and the surrounding. The unit of heat energy is Joule.
The basic difference between study of mechanics and thermodynamics is in part of energy transfer into and out of the body. In mechanics the energy transfer into and out of the system occurs because of work done by force. In thermodynamics the energy transfer may take place, in addition to the work given by force, by heat transfer due to temperature differences between the body and environment. We have a sign convention for these two parts of energy transfer.
Thermodynamic Sign Convention:
If we describe a closed system then sign convention is follows:
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Process
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Sign
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Heat added to the system
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+ Q (positive)
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Heat removed from the system
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- Q (negative)
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Work done by the system
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+ W (positive)
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Work done on the system
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- W (negative)
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