Integration by partial fractions
A function of form P(x)/Q(x), where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials, is known as rational function. Consider rational function
![1754_Integration by partial fractions.png](https://www.expertsmind.com/../CMSImages/1754_Integration by partial fractions.png)
The 2 fractions on RHS are called as partial fractions. To integrate rational function on the LHS, it is enough to integrate the 2 fractions on the RHS, which are integrable easily. This is called as method of partial fractions. In case degree of P(x) (numerator) is not less than that of Q(x) (denominator), we carry out division of P(x) by Q(x) and reduce the degree of numerator.
To write P(x)/Q(x) in partial fractions, 1st of all we write
Q(x) = (x - a)k ... (x2 + ax + b)r ... where the binomials are different, and then the set
![2495_Integration by partial fractions1.png](https://www.expertsmind.com/../CMSImages/2495_Integration by partial fractions1.png)
here A1, A2, ..., Ak, M1, M2, ......, Mr, N1, N2, ...... ,Nr are real constants which are to be determined. These can be determined by reducing the both sides of the above identity to integral form and equating coefficients of equal powers of x, which gives the system of linear equations in the coefficient. (This method is called as method of comparison of coefficients). The constants can be obtained by substituting suitably chosen numerical values of x in both sides of identity.
Note: Before proceeding to write a rational function as the sum of partial fractions, we should be taken to determine that it is either a proper rational fraction or can be rewritten as.
A rational function P(x)/Q(x) is proper if degree of polynomial Q(x) is greater than degree of the polynomial P(x). In case degree of P(x) greater than or equal to degree of Q(x), we 1st write P(x)/Q(x) = h(x) + P(x)/Q(x), where h(x) is a polynomial and p(x) is a polynomial of degree less than degree of polynomial Q(x).
Example: Evaluate
.
Solution: Put sinx = t => cosx dx = dt
![1641_Integration by partial fractions3.png](https://www.expertsmind.com/CMSImages/1641_Integration%20by%20partial%20fractions3.png)
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