Inductive effect or Transmission effect

         (1) When an electron withdrawing (X) or electron-releasing (Y) group is attached to a carbon chain, polarity is produced on the carbon molecule and on the substituent related to it. This permanent polarity is due to distance of shared electron of a covalent bond towards a more electronegative molecule. This is known as inductive effect or I - effect.

         c-c-c-c Non polar

         (2) Carbon-hydrogen bond is taken as a standard of inductive effect. Zero effect is considered for this bond. Molecules or atoms which have a greater electron withdrawing capacity than hydrogen are said to have-I effect whereas atoms or groups which have a greater electron releasing power are said to have +I effect.

 NH₃ > NO₂ > CN > SO₃H > CHO > CO > COOH > COCl > COOR

CONH₂ > F > Cl > Br > I > OH > OR > NH₂ > C₆H₅ > H

-I power of sets in decreasing order with subject to the reference H

         ter. alkyl > sec. alkyl > pri. alkyl > CH₃ > H

+ I power in descending order with subject to the reference H

         + I power  ∝ number of carbon in the similar kind of alkyl groups

         CH₃ - CH₂ - CH₂ - CH₂ - > CH₃ - CH₂ - CH₂ - > CH₃ - CH₂ -

         + I power in decreasing order in same type of alkyl groups

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