Inductive effect or Transmission effect
(1) When an electron withdrawing (X) or electron-releasing (Y) group is attached to a carbon chain, polarity is produced on the carbon molecule and on the substituent related to it. This permanent polarity is due to distance of shared electron of a covalent bond towards a more electronegative molecule. This is known as inductive effect or I - effect.
c-c-c-c Non polar
![2041_inductive effect.png](https://www.expertsmind.com/CMSImages/2041_inductive%20effect.png)
(2) Carbon-hydrogen bond is taken as a standard of inductive effect. Zero effect is considered for this bond. Molecules or atoms which have a greater electron withdrawing capacity than hydrogen are said to have-I effect whereas atoms or groups which have a greater electron releasing power are said to have +I effect.
NH3 > NO2 > CN > SO3H > CHO > CO > COOH > COCl > COOR
CONH2 > F > Cl > Br > I > OH > OR > NH2 > C6H5 > H
![1931_inductive effect.png](https://www.expertsmind.com/CMSImages/1931_inductive%20effect.png)
-I power of sets in decreasing order with subject to the reference H
ter. alkyl > sec. alkyl > pri. alkyl > CH3 > H
![1931_inductive effect.png](https://www.expertsmind.com/CMSImages/1931_inductive%20effect.png)
+ I power in descending order with subject to the reference H
+ I power ∝ number of carbon in the similar kind of alkyl groups
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - > CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - > CH3 - CH2 -
![1931_inductive effect.png](https://www.expertsmind.com/CMSImages/1931_inductive%20effect.png)
+ I power in decreasing order in same type of alkyl groups
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