Indicators
An indicator is a substance, which is used to determine the end point in the process titration. In acid-base titrations, organic substance (weak acids or weak bases) are generally used as indicators. They change the color within a certain pH range. The color change and pH range of some of the common indicators are tabulated below
Table : Colour changes of indicators with pH
Indicator
|
pH range
|
Colour
|
Acid solution
|
Base solution
|
Cresol red
|
1.2 - 1.8
|
Red
|
Yellow
|
Thymol blue
|
1.2 - 2.8
|
Red
|
Yellow
|
Methyl yellow
|
2.9 - 4.0
|
Red
|
Yellow
|
Methyl orange
|
3.1 - 4.4
|
Pink
|
Yellow
|
Methyl red
|
4.2 - 6.3
|
Red
|
Yellow
|
Litmus
|
5.0 - 8.0
|
Red
|
Blue
|
Bromothymol blue
|
6.0 - 7.6
|
Yellow
|
Blue
|
Phenol red
|
6.4 - 8.2
|
Yellow
|
Red
|
Thymol blue (base)
|
8.1 - 9.6
|
Yellow
|
Blue
|
Phenolphthalein
|
8.3 - 10.0
|
Colourless
|
Pink
|
Thymolphthalein
|
8.3 - 10.5
|
Colourless
|
Blue
|
Alizarin yellow R
|
10.1 - 12.0
|
Blue
|
Yellow
|
Nitramine
|
10.8 - 13.0
|
Colourless
|
Orange, Brown
|
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