Hydrogen peroxide

         Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was discovered by French chemist Thenard.

(1) Preparation : It is prepared by 

(i) Laboratory method : In laboratory, H₂O₂ can be prepared by Merck's procedure. It is prepared by adding calculated amounts of sodium peroxide to ice cold dilute (20%) solution of H₂SO₄.

        (ii) By the action of the sulphuric acid or phosphoric acid on hydrated barium peroxide BaO₂.8H₂O

(a) 

It must be noted that anhydrous barium peroxide does not react readily with sulphuric acid (because a coating of insoluble barium sulphate is formed on its surface which stops further action of the acid). Therefore, hydrated barium peroxide, BaO₂.8H₂O should be taken in use.

Phosphoric acid is preferred to H₂SO₄ because soluble impurities like barium persulphate (from BaO₂.8H₂O + H₂SO₄) tends to decompose H₂O₂ while H₃PO₄ acts as preservative (negative catalyst) for H₂O₂.

        (iii) Industrial method : On a commercial scale, H₂O₂ can be prepared by the electrolysis of 50% H₂SO₄ solution. In a cell, peroxy disulphuric acid is formed at the anode.

This is drawn off from the cell and hydrolysed with water to give  H₂O₂.

 The resultant solution is then distilled under reduced pressure when  H₂O₂ gets distilled while H2SO4 with high boiling point, remains undistilled.

         (iv) By redox process : Industrially H₂O₂ is prepared by the auto-oxidation of 2-alkylanthraquinols. The process includes a cycle of reactions. The average reaction is the catalytic union of H₂ and O₂ to give H₂O₂.

The H₂O₂ formed (about 1%) is extracted with water and concentrated.

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