Hybridization

         This concept of hybridization was introduced by the scientists Pauling and Slater. The term HybridizationIt is defined as the intermixing of the dissimilar orbitals of the same atom but having a little different energies to form the same number of new orbitals of equal energies and the identical shapes. The new orbitals so formed are called as hybrid orbitals.

         Characteristics of hybridization

         (1) Only the orbitals with almost similar energies and belonging to the same atom or ion undergo the process of hybridization.

         (2) Hybridization takes place only in the orbitals, electrons are not taking part in it.

         (3) The amount of hybrid orbitals produced is equal to the number of pure orbitals, mixed during the process of hybridization.

         (4) In excited state, the number of unpaired electrons should correspond to the oxidation state of the central atom in molecule.

         (5) Both the half filled orbitals or fully filled orbitals of the equivalent energy can involve in the process of hybridization.

         (6) Hybrid orbitals form only the sigma bonds.

         (7) Orbitals taking part in p bond formation do not participate in the process of hybridization.

         (8) The process of Hybridization never takes place in the isolated atom but it occurs only at the time of formation of the bond.

         (9) The hybrid orbitals are distributed in the space as apart as possible resulting in the definite geometry of molecule.

         (10) The Hybridized orbitals provide efficient overlapping than the overlapping by pure s, p and d-orbitals.

         (11) The Hybridized orbitals have lower energy.     

How can we determine the type of hybridization: The structure of any of the molecule can be predicted on the basis of the hybridization which in turn can be known by the below given general formulation,

H = 1/2 (V+M-C+A)

Where H = Number of orbitals involved in hybridization viz. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, hence nature of hybridization will be sp, sp², sp³, sp³d, sp³d², sp³d³ respectively.

         V = Number electrons in valence shell of the central atom,

        M = Number of monovalent atom

         C = Charge on cation,                                                                 

         A = Charge on anion

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