Hazard

In digital logic, a hazard in a system is an undesirable effect caused by either a deficiency in the system or external influences. Logic hazards are manifestations of a problem in which changes in the input variables do not change the output correctly because of some form of delay caused by logic elements (AND, NOT,  OR gates, etc.) This results in the logic not doing its function properly. The 3 different most common hazards are usually referred to the dynamic, static, and function hazards.

Hazards are the temporary problem, as the logic circuit will gradually settle to the desired function. But, despite logic arriving at correct output, it is imperative that hazards be removed as they can have an effect on the other connected systems.

A static hazard is situation where, when 1 input variable changes, the output changes momentarily before stabilizing to correct value. There are 2 types of static hazards:

• Static-1 Hazard: the output is currently one and after the inputs change, the output momentarily changes to zero before settling on one.

• Static-0 Hazard: the output is 0 and after the inputs change, the output momentarily changes 1 before settling on 0

A dynamic hazard is possibility of an output changing more than once which is a result of a single input change. Dynamic hazards occur often in larger logic circuits where there are present different routes to the output. If each route has a different delay, then it rapidly becomes clear that there is potential for changing the output values which differ from the expected output. For example A logic circuit is meant to change output state

from 1 to 0, but instead changes from 1 to 0, then 1 and then rests at the correct value 0. This is called as dynamic hazard.

The example of Hazard free circuit is given by,

Normal K?Map answer is given by

Y = x₁x₂ + x₂′ x₃

Hazard free map is given by

Y = x₁x₂ + x₂′ x₃ + x₁x₃

Hazard Free Logic diagram is given by

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