Half Wave Rectification
A rectifier is a circuit which converts the Alternating Current (AC) input power into the Direct Current (DC) output power. The input power supply can be either a single-phase or a multi- phase supply with simplest of all rectifier circuits being that of the Half Wave Rectifier. The power diode in a half wave rectifier circuit passes just one half of each complete sine wave of the AC supply in order to convert it into a DC supply. Then this type of circuit is called as "half-wave" rectifier because it passes half of the incoming AC power supply only as shown below.
Half Wave Rectifier Circuit
During each "positive" half cycle of AC sine wave, diode is forward biased as the anode is positive with respect to the cathode resulting in current flowing through the diode. Since the DC load is resistive (resistor, R), the current flowing in the load resistor is thus proportional to the voltage (Ohm´s Law), and voltage across the load resistor will thus be the same as the supply voltage, Vs (minus Vf), i.e. the "DC" voltage across the load is sinusoidal for first half cycle only so Vout = Vs.
During each "negative" half cycle of the AC sine wave, the diode is reverse biased as the anode is negative with respect to the cathode therefore, No current flows through the diode or circuit. Then in negative half cycle of supply, no current flows in load resistor as no voltage appears across it so Vout = 0.
The current on the DC side of circuit flows only in one direction making circuit Unidirectional and value of DC voltage VDC across load resistor is calculated as given below.
Here Vmax is the maximum voltage value of AC supply, and VS is the RMS value of the supply.
During rectification has the resultant output DC voltage and current are both "ON" and "OFF" during every cycle. As voltage across the load resistor is present only during the positive half of the cycle (50 per cent of input waveform), this results in low average DC value being supplied to load. The variation of the rectified output waveform between this ON and OFF condition produces a waveform which has large amounts of "ripple" which is an undesirable feature. The resultant DC ripple has a frequency which is equal to that of the AC supply frequency.
Very frequently when rectifying the alternating voltage we wish to produce the "steady" and continuous DC voltage free from any voltage variations or ripple. One manner of doing this is to connect a large value Capacitor across output voltage terminals in parallel with load resistor as given below. This type of capacitor is known as a "Reservoir" or Smoothing Capacitor.
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