Geometrical or cis-trans isomerism
The compounds which have same molecular formula but differ in the relative spatial arrangement of atoms or groups in space are known as geometrical isomers and the phenomenon is known as geometrical isomerism. The isomer in which similar sets or atoms are on the same side of the double bond is known as cis form and the isomer in which same groups or atoms are on the opposite side is called trans-isomer.
Examples :
Conditions for geometrical isomerism : Compound will show geometrical isomerism if it fulfils the following two conditions
(i) There should be frozen motion about two adjacent atoms in the molecule.
(a) >C = C < frozen motion about carbon, carbon double bond in alkenes.
(b) 
frozen rotation about carbon, carbon single bond in cycloalkanes.
(c) >C = N - frozen rotation about carbon, nitrogen double bond in oxime and imine.
(ii) Both replacements on each carbon could be different about which rotation is frozen.
If these two conditions are filed, then element will show geometrical isomerism.
- The compounds of the following type will not show geometrical isomerism.
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