Functions of nucleic acid : Nucleic acid have two important functions
(i) Replication and (ii) Protein synthesis.
(i) Replication : The genetic information for the cell is contained in the sequence of the bases A, T, G and C (adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine) in the DNA particle. The linear sequence of bases in one chain of the double helix controls the sequence in second chain. The two chains mix together like a glove and a hand. They divide and about the hand is created a fresh glove, and under the glove is prepared a new hand. Thus, the pattern is saved in the two new molecules of DNA.
[If one strand of DNA has the linear sequence ATGCTTGA, then the sequence of complimentary strand will be TACGAACT].
(ii) Synthesis of proteins : The DNA contains the genetic code and directs protein synthesis through RNA. The two helix of DNA partially uncoils and about the individual strands are formed chains of RNA. The new chains has ribose in its place of deoxyribose and the base sequence is different which is calculated by DNA, i.e., opposite every adenine of DNA, there finds on RNA a uracil; opposite guanine, cytosine; adenine, opposite cytosine, guanine, opposite thymine. Thus, AATCAGTT on DNA turns out to be UUAGUCAA on RNA.
One kind of RNA, called messenger RNA, takes a message to the ribosome, where protein synthesis really gets place. At the ribosome, messenger RNA takes up a sequence of transport RNA molecules, each of which is overloaded with a specific amino acid. The order in which the transport RNA molecules are called (-the sequence in which the amino acids are arranged to form the protein chain) depends upon the sequence of bases along the messenger RNA sequence chain. Thus GAU is the type for aspartic acid; phenyl alanine, UUU; valine, GUG. There are 64-three letter code words (codons).
The relation between the nucleotide triplets and the amino acids is called Genetic code. Hollay, Khorana and Nirenberg showed the genetic code for which they were awarded Noble prize in 1968.
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