Definition: Charge is the characteristic associated with matter due to which it produces and experiences electrical and magnetic effects.

Origin of electric Charge: It is defined that every atom is electrically neutral, containing as many electrons as the number of protons in the nucleus.

Charged particles can be created by disturbing neutrality of a nucleus. Loss of electrons gives positive charge (as then n_p > n_e) and gain of electrons gives negative charge (as then n_e > n_p) to a molecule. When a particle is negatively charged it gains electrons and therefore its mass increases negligibly. Same as, on charging a body with positive electricity its mass decreases. Change in mass of object is equal to n m_e. Where, n is the number of electrons transferred and m_e is the mass of electron= 9.1*10-³¹ kg.

Type: There exist two kinds of charges in nature:-

(i) Positive charge                                               (ii) Negative charge

Charges with the similar electrical sign repel each other, and charges with opposite electrical sign attract each other.

Unit and dimensional formula: Rate of flow of electric charge is called electric current i.e., i = dQ/dt =>dQ, hence S.I. unit of charge is - Ampere * sec = coulomb (C), smaller S.I. units are mC, mC, nC . C.G.S. unit of charge is - Stat coulom = 1/10 abcoulomb or e.s.u. Electromagnetic unit of charge is - ab coulomb 1C = 3*10⁹ state coulomb coulomb. Dimensional formula [Q] = [AT]

Point charge: A finite size body may behave like a point charge if it produces an inverse square electric field. For example on isolated charged particle sphere seems like a point charge at very large distance as well as very small distance close to it's surface.

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