Electromeric effect
(1) The phenomenon of movement of electrons from one atom to another in multibonded atoms at the demand of attacking reagent is called electromeric effect. It is indicates as E-effect and shown by a curved arrow showing the shifting of electron pair.
(2) (i)When the transfer of electrons take place towards the attacking substance, the effect is known as effect. The inculcation of acids to alkenes.
Since,-CH3 group is electron donating, the electrons are transferred in the direction shown.
The attacking molecule is related to that atom on which electrons have been transferred.
(ii) When the transfer of electrons takes place away from the attacking reagent, the effect is known as -E effect. Example, The addition of cyanide atom to carbonyl compounds.
The attacking reagent is not related to that atom on which electrons have been transferred.
(3) Direction of the shift of electron pair : The direction of the shift of electron pair can be decided on the basis of following points.
(i) When the sets related to a multiple bond are similar, the shift can occur in either direction.
(ii) When the dissimilar sets are related on the two ends of the double bond, the shift is decided by the direction of inductive effect.
In the case of carbonyl group, the shift is always tends to oxygen, i.e., more electronegative atom.
In cases where inductive effect and electromeric effect simultaneously perform, generally electrometric effect predominates.
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