Electromagnetic radiations

         (1) Light and the other forms of radiant energy propagate without any medium in the space in the form of waves are called as electromagnetic radiations. These waves can be produced from a charged body moving in a magnetic field or a magnet in a electric field. For example   - rays, cosmic rays, ordinary light rays,  rays, etc.

         (2) Characteristics

         (i) All the electromagnetic radiations travel with velocity of the light.

         (ii) These comprises of electric and magnetic fields components which oscillate in the directions perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction in which wave is travelling.

         (3) The wave is always characterized by the below written five characteristics,

         (i) Wavelength : The distance between the two nearest crests or the two nearest troughs is called as the wavelength. It can be denoted by   (lambda) and is measured is terms of the centimeter(cm), micron( μ ) or nanometre (nm) angstrom(Å),.

         (ii) Frequency : This is defined as the number of the waves which pass through a point in one second of time. It is denoted by symbol v (nu) and is expressed in terms of the cycles (or waves) per second (cps) or hertz (Hz).

          v distance travelled in one second = velocity =c

 
          (iii) Velocity : It is defined as the distance covered in one second by the wave. It is denoted by the letter 'c'. All the electromagnetic waves travel with the same velocity that is 3 * 10¹⁰ cm/sec

         (iv) Wave number : This is the reciprocal of wavelength, that is the number of wavelengths per centimetre. It is signified by the symbol   (nu bar).  It is expressed in cm^-1 or m^-1.

         (v) Amplitude : It is defined as the height of the crest or depth of the trough of a wave. It is denoted by the letter 'A'. This determines the intensity of the radiation.

         The different types of electromagnetic radiations arranged in the order of their increasing or decreasing wavelengths or frequencies are known as electromagnetic spectrum.

Table: 2.4

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