It is a procedure in which the chemical energy is converted into electrical energy due to chemical action taking place in it.

Primary Cell: Primary cell Is that cell in which electrical energy is produced due to chemical energy. In the primary cell, chemical reaction is irreversible. This cell cannot be recharged. Examples of primary cells are Voltaic cell, Leclanche cell, Dry cell and Daniel cell etc.

Secondary Cell: A secondary cell is that cell is which the electrical energy is first up as a chemical energy and when the current is taken from the battery, the chemical power is reconverted into electrical energy. In the secondary cell chemical reactions are reversible. The secondary cells are also called storage cell or accumulator. The commonly used secondary cells is lead accumulator.

Defects in a Primary Cell: In voltaic cell there are two main defects arises.

Local action: It arises due to the presence of impurities of iron, carbon etc. on the surface of commercial Zn rod used as an electrode.

Removal: By amalgamating Zn rod with mercury (i.e. the surface of Zn is coated with Hg).

Polarization: It arises, when the positive H2 ions, which are formed by the action of Zn on sulphuric acid, travel towards the Cu rod and after transferring, and the positive charge converted into H2 gas atoms and gets deposited in the form of neutral layer of a gas on the surface of Cu rod. This weakens the action of cell.

Removal: Either by brushing the anode the remove the layer or by using a depolarizer (i.e. some oxidizing agent MnO₂, CuSO₄ etc which may oxidize H₂ into water).

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