Definition: The electric field in a region is represented by continues lines (also called lines of force). Field line is an imaginary line along which a positive test charge will move if left free.
Electric lines of force due to an isolated positive charge, isolated negative charge and due to a pair of charge are shown below
Properties of electric lines of force
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(i) Electric field lines come out of positive charge and go into the negative charge.
(ii) Tangent to the field line at any point gives the direction of the field at that point.
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(iii) Field lines never collide with one another.
(iv) Field lines are always normal to conducting surface.
(v) Field lines do not exist inside a conductor.
(vi) The electric field lines never form closed paths.
(vii) The number of lines originating or terminating on a charge is proportional to the value of charge. In the given figure electric lines of force are originating from A and terminating at B hence QA is positive while QB is negative, also number of electric lines at force linked with QA are more than those linked with QB hence
(viii) Number of lines of force per unit area normal to the area at a point represents magnitude of intensity
(ix) If the lines of forces are equidistant and parallel straight lines the field is uniform and if either lines of force are not equidistant or straight line or both the field will be non uniform, also the density of field lines is proportional to the strength of the electric field. For example see the following figures.
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