Ortho and para hydrogen: A molecule of dihydrogen contains two atoms. Nuclei of both the atoms in each molecule of the dihydrogen are spinning. Depending on the direction of spin of the nuclei, the hydrogen is basically of two types,
(i) The molecules of hydrogen in which spins of both the nuclei are in the same directions, known as ortho hydrogen.
(ii) The molecules of hydrogen in which the spins of both the nuclei are in opposite directions, known as para hydrogen.
Common dihydrogen is an equilibrium mixture of the ortho and para hydrogen. Ortho hydrogen ↔ Para hydrogen. The amount of ortho and para hydrogen varies with temperature as,
(a) At 0°K, hydrogen contains mainly para hydrogen which is more stable.
(b) At temperature of liquefaction of the air, the ratio of ortho and para hydrogen is 1:1.
(c) At room temperature, the ratio of the ortho to para hydrogen is 3:1.
(d) Even at quite high temperatures, the ratio of the ortho to para hydrogen can never become more than 3:1.
Thus, it has been possible to get pure para hydrogen by cooling ordinary hydrogen gas to a very low temperature (close to 20 K) but it is never possible to get a sample of hydrogen containing more than 75% of ortho hydrogen. That is Pure ortho hydrogen cannot be obtained.
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