Difference between oils and fats : Oils and fats belong to the same chemical group, yet they are different in their physical state.
(i) Oils are liquids at ordinary temperature (below 20°C) while fats are semi solids or solids (their melting points are more than 20°C). A substance may be classed as fat in one season and oil in another season or the same glyceride may be solid at a hill station and liquid in plains. Thus, this distinction is not well founded as the physical state depends on climate and weather.
(ii) The difference in oils and fats is actually dependent on the nature of monocarboxylic acid present in the glyceride. Oils contain large proportion of the glycerides of lower carboxylic acids, (e.g., butyric acid, caprylic acid and caproic acid) and unsaturated greasy acids, (e.g., oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids) while fats contain a large proportion of glycerides of higher saturated carboxylic acids, (e.g., palmitic, stearic acids).
Lard (fat of hogs) is a solid fat and its composition in terms of fatty acids produced on hydrolysis is approximately 32% palmitic acid, 18% stearic acid, 45% oleic acid and 5% linolenic acid. Olive oil on the other hand, contains 84% oleic acid, 4% linoleic acid, 9% palmitic acid and 3% stearic acid.
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