Design Process:
The MIS group responsible for its implementation has to consider the approaches just seen and select the best possible approach in system design. Once the approach has been selected, they can proceed with the process of MIS design. William King and David Cleland have proposed an MIS design process called the information analysis model. This model consists of a series of eight steps and these are discussed here:
Identification of user set and interfacing organizations
The users of MIS are all the managers and other personnel who use MIS in their day-to-day work to take work-related decisions. The users are identified based on the MIS objectives, organization charts, job descriptions, etc., and this identification is initially done by the system analysts. For strategic purposes, data that has to be processed by the MIS should not only reflect the internal processes and operations but also external environmental forces like the competitors, the government, and other stakeholders. In a dynamic business environment, these forces have a lot of influence on the functioning of the business.
Identification of decision areas
The system analyst then goes on to identify major decision areas in the user set's day-to-day operations. Discussion with the managers of all departments who are involved in decision-making helps the system analyst in identifying the decision areas. A set of all possible decision areas in an organization is termed a decision inventory.
Definition of decision areas
Once the user set and decision areas have been identified, the decision areas have to be defined. Decision areas are defined as the type of decisions and their importance in the operations. The decision areas are broken down into decision elements based on the homogeneity of decisions, the need for common information input, and on whether the decisions are taken by an individual or by a group.
Development of a descriptive model of the system
The user set and the decision areas are then used to generate a descriptive model of the organization as well as the environmental systems. A descriptive model of the system provides authority, responsibilities, and the roles of the user set in a two-dimensional format. Such a model describes the roles played by each user in the organization to accomplish the tasks at their respective levels of operations. Such descriptive models help the analysts as useful roadmaps for further information analysis. Apart from describing the roles of the users, it also provides insights into the interactions between the departments (organization units) as well as between the departments and external agencies like suppliers, distributors, and other business partners. The type of information required by the users and the direction of information flow can also be analyzed through this model.
Development of a normative model of the system
Though a descriptive model provides a lot of information about the roles played by the users, it limits itself to the current operational information and does not provide informational insights into future operations of the organization. Hence, a normative model is developed to get a view of the future operations and probable decisions that can be taken. Analysts use the normative model to amend the existing decision-making process to make it optimal in the future operations of the organization. This requires restructuring the organizational hierarchy in terms of authority and responsibility.
Development of a consensus model of the system
Usually, organizations that are planning to undertake MIS implementation like to restructure their organization to some extent to effectively use the MIS. Therefore, managers will compare both the descriptive and the normative models and come to a consensus on using both in varying proportions. They generally take decisions in this direction in consultation with the system analysts. A model which is developed through a consensus approach based on the two models mentioned earlier is called a consensus model. Such a model provides the framework for analyzing formal and informal information requirements at different organizational levels. This model can be used to identify the users' specific involvement in the decision elements in each decision area.
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