Defensive programming compared to exception handling:

When should you use exceptions and when should you use defensive programming? The defensive programming style of coding is appropriate for certain kinds of common error conditions. However, it has some drawbacks:

• if there is a lot of error checking and handling code, this can obscure the main purpose of the method;
• it is somewhat ad-hoc - different programmers or Java library code may take different approaches to signalling or handling errors;
• some serious errors cannot easily be handled within the method where they occur - they may need to be passed to higher level code;
• it may not be possible for a method to return a value indicating that an error has occurred - for example, if the method already returns a result.

Exception handling is intended for conditions that are: 

• serious - they may require the program to be terminated; 
• unpredictable - they may be caused by external events out of the control of the program, such as file errors;
•  widespread - they may occur at many different places in the program, making it hard to check explicitly.

Often, you have no choice - for example, when dealing with potential exceptions generated by Java library classes.

Defensive programming techniques are appropriate when the potential error is more localized and predictable - for example, checking that a queue is not full before attempting to add a new element.

Exception handling is typically much slower in execution than standard error-handling techniques - this is a reason to use it sparingly.

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