Dalton's law of partial pressures

         (1) In accordance to this law, When the two or more gases, which do not react chemically are kept in a closed vessel, total pressure exerted by the mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases.

Thus, P_total = P₁ +P₂ + P₃ + .........

         Here P_1, P_2, P_3..... are the partial pressures of the gas number 1, 2, 3 and so on

         (2) The Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by the gas when it is present alone in same container and at the same temperature.

         Partial pressure of a gas 

         (3) If the number of gases having the volume of V₁, V₂, V₃..... at pressure P_1, P_2, P_3..... are mixed together in the container of the volume denoted by V, thus,

         or                          

         or         

         (4) Applications of it: This law is used in calculation of the following relationships,

         (i)           The Mole fraction of gas (X₁) in the mixture of gas 

         (ii)          % of a gas in mixture

         (iii) Pressure of the dry gas collected over water : When the gas is collected over water, it becomes moist because of the water vapour which exerts its own partial pressure at the same temperature of gas. This partial pressure of the water vapours is called as aqueous tension. Therefore,         

P_{dry gas} = P_{moist gas} or P_total - P_{water vapour}

         or P_{dry gas} = P_{moist gas} - Aqueous tension (Aqueous tension is directly proportional to absolute temperature)

         (iv) Relative humidity (RH) at a given temperature is given by,

         (5) Limitations : This law is applicable only when the component gases in the mixture do not react with each other. For example, N₂ and O₂, CO  and CO₂, N₂ and Cl₂, CO and N₂ etc. But this law is not applicable to gases which combine chemically. For example, H₂ and Cl₂, CO and Cl₂, NH₃, HBr and HCl, NO and O₂ etc.

         (6) Another law, which is really equivalent to the law of partial pressures and related to the partial volumes of gases is known as Law of partial volumes given by Amagat. In accordance to this law, When the two or more gases, which do not react chemically are kept in the closed vessel, the total volume exerted by mixture is equal to the sum of the partial volumes of the individual gases.

         Therefore, V_Total = V₁ + V₂ +V₃+ .....

         Here V_1, V_2,V_3, are the partial volumes of gas number 1, 2, 3 and so on

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