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d-Block elements

         A transition element may be defined as an element whose atom in the ground state or ion in common oxidation state has incomplete sub-shell, posses electron 1 to 9. It is called transition element due to fact that it is lying between most electropositive (s-block) and most electronegative (p-block) elements and represent a transition from them. The ordinary electronic configuration of these element is (n-1)1 to 10 ns0 to 2.

         The definition of transition metal excludes Zn, Cd and Hg because they have complete d- orbital. Their common oxidation state is Zn++, Cd++, Hg++. They also do not show the characteristics of transition element. Element of group 3 (Sc, Y, La and Ac) and group 12 (Zn, Cd, Hg) are called non typical transition element.

Table: First transition or 3d series :

Element

Symbol

At. No.

Electronic configuration

Scandium

Sc

21

3d-orbitals are filled up

[Ar] 3d14s2

Titanium

Ti

22

[Ar] 3d24s2

Vanadium

V

23

[Ar] 3d34s2

Chromium

Cr*

24

[Ar] 3d54s1

Manganese

Mn

25

[Ar] 3d54s2

Iron

Fe

26

[Ar] 3d64s2

Cobalt

Co

27

[Ar] 3d74s2

Nickel

Ni

28

[Ar] 3d84s2

Copper

Cu*

29

[Ar] 3d104s1

Zinc

Zn

30

[Ar] 3d104s2

                 Table: Second transition or 4d-series :

Element

Symbol

At. No.

Electronic configuration

Yttrium

Y

39

4d-orbitals are filled up

[Kr] 4d15s2

Zirconium

Zr

40

[Kr] 4d25s2

Niobium

Nb*

41

[Kr] 4d45s1

Molybdenum

Mo*

42

[Kr] 4d55s1

Technetium

Tc

43

[Kr] 4d55s2

Ruthenium

Ru*

44

[Kr] 4d75s1

Rhodium

Rh*

45

[Kr] 4d85s1

Palladium

Pd*

46

[Kr] 4d105s0

Silver

Ag*

47

[Kr] 4d105s1

Cadmium

Cd

48

[Kr] 4d105s2

                 Table: Third transition or 5d-series :

Element

Symbol

At. No.

Electronic configuration

Lanthanum

La

57

5d-orbitals are filled up

   [Xe] 5d16s2

Hafnium

Hf

72

[Xe] 4f145d26s2

Tantalum

Ta

73

[Xe] 4f145d36s2

Tungsten

W

74

[Xe] 4f145d46s2

Rhenium

Re

75

[Xe] 4f145d56s2

Osmium

Os

76

[Xe] 4f145d66s2

Iridium

Ir

77

[Xe] 4f145d76s2

Platinum

Pt*

78

[Xe] 4f145d106s0

Gold

Au*

79

[Xe] 4f145d106s!

Mercury

Hg

80

[Xe] 4f145d106s2

         Table: Fourth transition or 6d-series :

Element

Symbol

At. No.

Electronic configuration

Actinium

Ac

89

6d-orbitals are filled up

[Rn] 6d17s2

Rutherfordium

Rf

104

[Rn] 5f146d27s2

Hahnium

Ha

105

[Rn] 5f146d37s2

Seaborgium

Sg

106

[Rn] 5f146d47s2

Bohrium

Bh

107

[Rn] 5f146d57s2

Hassium

Hs

108

[Rn] 5f146d67s2

Meitnerium

Mt

109

[Rn] 5f146d77s2

Ununnilium

Uun

110

[Rn] 5f146d87s2

Unununium

Uuu

111

[Rn] 5f146d97s2

Unubium

Uub

112

[Rn] 5f146d107s2

         Elements marked with asterisk have anomalous configurations. These can be attributed to factors such as nuclear-electron and electron-electron forces and stability of half filled and full filled orbital.

         All of the transition elements are d block elements but all d block elements are not the transition elements.

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