d-Block elements
A transition element may be defined as an element whose atom in the ground state or ion in common oxidation state has incomplete sub-shell, posses electron 1 to 9. It is called transition element due to fact that it is lying between most electropositive (s-block) and most electronegative (p-block) elements and represent a transition from them. The ordinary electronic configuration of these element is (n-1)1 to 10 ns0 to 2.
The definition of transition metal excludes Zn, Cd and Hg because they have complete d- orbital. Their common oxidation state is Zn++, Cd++, Hg++. They also do not show the characteristics of transition element. Element of group 3 (Sc, Y, La and Ac) and group 12 (Zn, Cd, Hg) are called non typical transition element.
Table: First transition or 3d series :
Element
|
Symbol
|
At. No.
|
Electronic configuration
|
Scandium
|
Sc
|
21
|
3d-orbitals are filled up
|
[Ar] 3d14s2
|
Titanium
|
Ti
|
22
|
[Ar] 3d24s2
|
Vanadium
|
V
|
23
|
[Ar] 3d34s2
|
Chromium
|
Cr*
|
24
|
[Ar] 3d54s1
|
Manganese
|
Mn
|
25
|
[Ar] 3d54s2
|
Iron
|
Fe
|
26
|
[Ar] 3d64s2
|
Cobalt
|
Co
|
27
|
[Ar] 3d74s2
|
Nickel
|
Ni
|
28
|
[Ar] 3d84s2
|
Copper
|
Cu*
|
29
|
[Ar] 3d104s1
|
Zinc
|
Zn
|
30
|
[Ar] 3d104s2
|
Table: Second transition or 4d-series :
Element
|
Symbol
|
At. No.
|
Electronic configuration
|
Yttrium
|
Y
|
39
|
4d-orbitals are filled up
|
[Kr] 4d15s2
|
Zirconium
|
Zr
|
40
|
[Kr] 4d25s2
|
Niobium
|
Nb*
|
41
|
[Kr] 4d45s1
|
Molybdenum
|
Mo*
|
42
|
[Kr] 4d55s1
|
Technetium
|
Tc
|
43
|
[Kr] 4d55s2
|
Ruthenium
|
Ru*
|
44
|
[Kr] 4d75s1
|
Rhodium
|
Rh*
|
45
|
[Kr] 4d85s1
|
Palladium
|
Pd*
|
46
|
[Kr] 4d105s0
|
Silver
|
Ag*
|
47
|
[Kr] 4d105s1
|
Cadmium
|
Cd
|
48
|
[Kr] 4d105s2
|
Table: Third transition or 5d-series :
Element
|
Symbol
|
At. No.
|
Electronic configuration
|
Lanthanum
|
La
|
57
|
5d-orbitals are filled up
|
[Xe] 5d16s2
|
Hafnium
|
Hf
|
72
|
[Xe] 4f145d26s2
|
Tantalum
|
Ta
|
73
|
[Xe] 4f145d36s2
|
Tungsten
|
W
|
74
|
[Xe] 4f145d46s2
|
Rhenium
|
Re
|
75
|
[Xe] 4f145d56s2
|
Osmium
|
Os
|
76
|
[Xe] 4f145d66s2
|
Iridium
|
Ir
|
77
|
[Xe] 4f145d76s2
|
Platinum
|
Pt*
|
78
|
[Xe] 4f145d106s0
|
Gold
|
Au*
|
79
|
[Xe] 4f145d106s!
|
Mercury
|
Hg
|
80
|
[Xe] 4f145d106s2
|
Table: Fourth transition or 6d-series :
Element
|
Symbol
|
At. No.
|
Electronic configuration
|
Actinium
|
Ac
|
89
|
6d-orbitals are filled up
|
[Rn] 6d17s2
|
Rutherfordium
|
Rf
|
104
|
[Rn] 5f146d27s2
|
Hahnium
|
Ha
|
105
|
[Rn] 5f146d37s2
|
Seaborgium
|
Sg
|
106
|
[Rn] 5f146d47s2
|
Bohrium
|
Bh
|
107
|
[Rn] 5f146d57s2
|
Hassium
|
Hs
|
108
|
[Rn] 5f146d67s2
|
Meitnerium
|
Mt
|
109
|
[Rn] 5f146d77s2
|
Ununnilium
|
Uun
|
110
|
[Rn] 5f146d87s2
|
Unununium
|
Uuu
|
111
|
[Rn] 5f146d97s2
|
Unubium
|
Uub
|
112
|
[Rn] 5f146d107s2
|
Elements marked with asterisk have anomalous configurations. These can be attributed to factors such as nuclear-electron and electron-electron forces and stability of half filled and full filled orbital.
All of the transition elements are d block elements but all d block elements are not the transition elements.
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