Cryptography:

Cryptography is the science and art of encrypting and decrypting data for the cause of secrecy or authenticity. It facilitates the secure hard and transmission of critical data in an insecure network. Technically, cryptography is the way of using (or studying) electronic security systems, functions, or schemes that save data by altering it in such a way that only the intended recipient is able to use the original information. Encryption and Decryption mechanisms use an algorithm and a secret value that is called as a Key.

A cryptographic algorithm, alternatively denoted to as a ‘cipher', is used for data decryption and encryption. A cipher is a mathematical process. This algorithm guides with a key, which can either be a word, a number, or a phrase for encrypting plain text. Algorithms are usually available, whereas keys are kept save and are used for giving the needed security. Keys, also called as crypto variables, are the information in a particular part that controls the enciphering and deciphering of messages. The data security is dependent on the power of the algorithm and the secrecy of the key.

All possible keys and protocols, together with the cryptography algorithm, form the cryptosystem. Conventional cryptography is also referred to as symmetric key encryption or secret key. It uses only one key for encrypting and decrypting the data. In asymmetric cryptography, the public key is used for encrypting while the private key is used for decrypting. The major benefit of this system is that it allows secure transfer of data even among entities who don't have any permanent security arrangement.
A good example of a cryptosystem is the Pretty Good Privacy (PGP). As PGP combines both conventional and public key cryptography, it can be called a hybrid cryptosystem. While using PGP, the data first gets compressed, thus saving time and disk space. The most important benefit of such compression is the enhancing of cryptographic security. Compression makes it more difficult for attackers to decipher the text. The PGP then creates a secret key that is randomly generated and is used only once. The secret key in combination with the encryption algorithm encrypts plain text. After data encryption, the secret key is encrypted to the recipients' public key. This, along with the cipher text, is sent to the recipient.

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