Covalent bond:

The idea of Covalent bond was very firstly planned by Lewis in 1916. The bond formed among two atoms by mutual sharing of the electrons thus as to whole their octets or duplets (in case of the elements comprising only one shell) is known as covalent bond or covalent linkage. A covalent bond among the two identical atoms is non-polar covalent bond whereas it is polar among the two different atom comprising different electronegativities. The Covalent bond might be single, double or triple bond. We can describe covalent bond formation by the Lewis octet rule. 

In the valence shell the Chlorine atom contains seven electrons. In the formation of the molecule of chlorine, every chlorine atom contributes one electron and the pair of electrons is shared among the two atoms. Both atoms have stable configuration of the argon.

The various instances are as follow: H₂S, NH₃, HCN, PCl₃, PH₃, C₂H₂, H₂, C₂H₄, SnCl₄, FeCl₃, BH₃, graphite, BeCl₂ and many more.

         (A) The situations for formation of covalent bond

a)      Combining the atoms have to be short by 1, 2 or 3 electrons in the valency shell in the comparison to stable noble gas configuration.

b)      The Electronegativity between the two atoms should be zero or very small.

c)      An approach of atoms towards one another should be accompanied by the decrease of energy.

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