Connections over the internet:

There are two types of service that are provided on the internet. The first is a connection-oriented service where two computers establish a connection with each other before sending data - this is similar to establishing a voice telephone call before you start speaking. The connection is established by exchanging special packets of data in a process known as a handshake. When data is sent from one computer to another it usually passes via other computers in the internet, which are unaware of the fact that the sending and recipient computers have already established a connection.

The internet's connection-oriented service is mediated by TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). This protocol attempts to ensure that data always arrives in the correct order and in its entirety, even if some intervening computers are malfunctioning: it is a reliable protocol. The TCP handshake is a three-step process, which computers go through when negotiating a connection with one another. The first computer sends a special packet, the second computer sends a packet in reply and the first computer then acknowledges receipt of the reply. This establishes the connection.

The second type of service is known as a connectionless service. Here, there is no handshake between the computers that send and receive data, and there is no dialogue set up to ensure that all the data is received without errors. There are two consequences of this: the first is that data is sent very quickly; the second is that at times of high traffic, data may be lost or is likely to contain errors. For some applications, such as voice communication, this degradation may be acceptable if the degradation is not too severe. However, for applications where completely accurate data has to be received, a connectionless service is not used.

The part of the Internet Protocol set that implements connectionless data transfer is known as User Datagram Protocol (UDP), sometimes known as the Unreliable Data Protocol. Figure 5 shows that UDP packets (known as datagrams) are an alternative to TCP packets in forming the content of an IP packet. The UDP header is smaller and less detailed than the TCP header, refiecting the less sophisticated nature of UDP.

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