Sodium hydroxide NaOH (Caustic soda)

         Preparation  

         (a) Gossage process :

         (b) The electrolytic method : Caustic soda is manufactured by electrolysis of the concentrated solution of NaCl

         At anode: Cl^- discharged; At cathode: Na⁺ discharged

         (c) Castner - Kellener cell (Mercury cathode process): NaOH obtained by electrolysis of aqueous solution of brine. The cell consists of rectangular iron tank divided into three compartments.

         Outer compartment - Brine solution is electrolysed; Central compartment - 2% NaOH solution and H₂

         Properties : White crystalline solid, highly soluble in water, It is sparingly soluble in alcohol.

         (a) Reaction with salt :

         Zn, Al, Sb, Pb, Sn and As forms insoluble hydroxide which dissolve in excess of NaOH (amphoteric hydroxide).

         (b) Reaction with halogens :

(X = Cl, Br, I) 

         (c) Reaction with metals : Weakly electropositive metals like Zn, Al and Sn etc.  

         (d) Reaction with sand, SiO₂ :

         (e) Reaction with CO: 

         NaOH Breaks down proteins of the skin flesh to the pasty mass, thus it is commonly called as caustic soda.

         Caustic property : sodium hydroxide breaks down the proteins of the skin flesh to a pasty mass, therefore, it is commonly known as caustic soda.

         Uses : Sodium hydroxide is used :

         (a) in the manufacture of sodium metal, soap (from oils and fats), rayon, paper, dyes and drugs,

         (b) for mercurinzing cotton to make cloth unshrinkable and

         (c) as a reagent in the laboratory.

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