Communication Channels:
The term communication channel refers to the path taken by data to accomplish the given communication task. Channels carry signals from sending stations to receiving stations along predefined routes. The data transmission is performed using either digital data signals or analog data signals. Switching techniques and bandwidth are important aspects of communication channels.
Transmission systems
There are two types of transmission systems - analog transmission systems and digital transmission systems. Initially, the telecommunication systems were voice-oriented analog transmission systems. In analog transmission systems, signals are transmitted through a medium as continuously varying electromagnetic waves. Twisted-pair wires, coaxial cables, optical fibers, atmosphere, water, or space can be used as the transmission media for analog transmission systems. For instance, in an ordinary telephone system, the sound waves of the caller are transmitted through a wire to the receiver. These waves are then converted back into sound waves and transmitted to the caller.
The local and global telecommunication networks are rapidly changing over to digital transmission technologies. In a digital transmission system, the signals are transmitted as discrete pulses. These pulses are measured in bits per second and are similar to those transmitted in computer systems. This speeds up the process of transmission and thus enables the movement of larger amounts of information with greater economy compared to analog systems. In addition, digital technologies allow telecommunication networks to carry multiple communications (data, voice, and video) on the same circuit.
When data is transmitted over longer distances, a data transmission system may encounter the following problems:
Attenuation, i.e., decrease in the signal strength due to distance, or increase in attenuation due to increase in frequency and
Higher power requirements.
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