Chloroform or trichloromethane, CHCl₃

         It is an important trihalogen derivative of methane. It was provided by Liebig in 1831 and its name chloroform was proposed by Dumas as it gave formic acid on hydrolysis. It was mainly used as anaesthetic for surgery but now it is rarely used as it causes liver damage.

         (1) Preparation

         (i) Chloroform is prepared both in the laboratory and on large scale by distilling ethyl alcohol or acetone with bleaching powder and water. The yield is about 40%. The available chlorine of bleaching powder serves both as oxidising as well as chlorinating agent.

         (a) From alcohol

         [So Cl₂ acts both as an oxidising and chlorinating agent]

         Chloral, thus, formed, is hydrolysed by calcium hydroxide.

         (b) From acetone

         (ii) From carbon tetrachloride : Now-a-days, chloroform is generated on a large scale by the reduction of carbon tetrachloride with iron fillings and water.

         This chloroform is not perfect and needed mostly as a solvent.

            (iii) Pure Chloroform is created by distilling chloral hydrate with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution.         

•        Chloral hydrate is a stable compound inspite  of the fact  that two -OH groups are linked to the same carbon atom. This is due to the fact that intramolecular hydrogen bonding exists in the molecule between chlorine and hydrogen atom of -OH group.  

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