Chemical Properties :

         (i) Reactions of carboxylic group

         (ii) Reactions of aromatic ring

         (i) Reactions of Carboxylic Group

         (a) Reaction with metals

         (b) Reaction with Alkalies Or NaHCO₃ Or Na₂CO₃ :

         (c) Formation of Esters :

         Aromatic acid (benzoic acid) having no group in its ortho positions can be readily esterified with alcohol in presence of a mineral acid.

         In presence of ortho substituent the rate of esterification is greatly decreased due to steric effect.

The esterification of the various benzoic acids :

         The substituted phenylacetic acid is easily esterified because - COOH group is separated from benzene ring by - CH₂ - part.

         The ortho-substituted benzoic acids can be easily esterified by treating the silver salt of the acid with alkyl halides.

         This is due to the fact that in such cases the attack of the alkyl group of the alkyl halides is on the oxygen atom of the -COOH group but not on the sterically hindered carbon atom.

         (d) Reaction with N₃H [Schmidt reaction]

         (e) Reduction

         (f) Decarboxylation

         (g) Hunsdiecker reaction :

         (ii) Reactions of Aromatic Ring

         (a) Nitration

         (b) Sulphonation

          (c) Chlorination

         (d) Reduction

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