Characteristics of a Well-designed Database System:
An ideal database is one that provides fast and easy access to data. Apart from ensuring efficiency in storage and retrieval of data, database systems should ensure data integrity, data independence, data consistency, along with data sharing and security. The essential features of a well-designed database are explained here:
Data integrity
Data integrity is said to exist if the data is correct and has no inconsistencies. At times, data is adversely affected due to typographical errors, hardware malfunctions, and data transmission errors. To ensure data integrity, programs should use data validation procedures that define acceptable input ranges for each field in the record. If the user tries to enter data that is not within the stipulated range, an error message should be displayed.
Data independence
Data independence refers to the storage of data in such a way that it is not affected by any modification in the data structure or changes in the application program. It can be either physical or logical. When we say that data is physically independent, it means that data is not affected by a change in the data structure. Data that is logically independent is not affected by a change in the application program.
Prevention of data redundancy and inconsistency
Data redundancy refers essentially to the storage of data in more than one location. Since a large volume of data is to be stored, it is important that storage space be used efficiently. In some companies, customer names and addresses may appear in two different unrelated databases. Therefore, any change in the name and address needs to be reflected in more than one location. This makes upgradation a time-consuming process.
Sometimes, there is data redundancy because the applications are created by different programmers. Different programmers create different databases that store the same information. Hence, upgradation may not take place in all the related files or databases. This leads to data inconsistency.
Data sharing and security
A well-designed database should permit several users to share the data in the database. Different users should be able to access the data at the same time. Moreover, data should not be restricted to the existing applications, but should be available for new applications. This eliminates the need to create additional data.
To ensure safety, data stored in the databases should be made accessible only to authorized users. Moreover, it is essential to protect the data against losses due to equipment or power failure. A regular backup procedure is required to minimize data loss due to equipment or power failure. In most organizations, databases are centralized, i.e., all data is stored in a central location. DBAs regulate the standards for accessing databases.
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