Boron

   Boron is the first member of group -13 (IIIA) of the periodic table. Boron is a non- metal. It has a small size and high ionization energy due to which it cannot lose its valence electrons to form B⁺³ ion. Its compounds especially the hydrides and halides are electron deficient and behave as Lewis acid.

         (1) Ores of boron

         (i)  Borax or tincal :  Na₂ B₄O₇ . 10H₂O 

         (ii) Kernite or Rasorite : Na₂ B₄O₇ . 4H₂O

         (iii) Colemanite : Ca₂ B₆O₁₁ . 5H₂O

   (iv) Orthoboric acid : H₃BO₃  (It occurs in the jets of steam called soffioni escaping from ground in the volcanic region of the Tuscany). The boron is present in a very small extent (0.001%) in earth's crust.

         (2) Isolation : Elemental boron in  the form of dark brown powder is obtained either by reduction of boric oxide with highly electropositive metals such as Mg,  K, Na, Al, and more in the absence of air and boron halides with hydrogen at high temperature for e3xample

         B₂O₃ + 6K   2B + 3K₂O

         2BCl₃ + 3H₂   2B + 6HCl.

         By thermal decomposition of boron triiodide over red hot tungsten filament and boron hydrides for example,

2BI₃ 2B + 3I₂ ;  B₂H₆ 2B + 3H₂

         (3) Properties : It exists in mainly two allotropic forms i.e. amorphous dark brown powder and crystalline black very hard solid. It occurs in two isotopic forms, i.e., ₅B¹⁰ (20% abundance) and ₅B¹¹ (80% abundance). With air, boron forms B₂O₃ and BN at 973K, with halogens, trihalides (BX₃) are formed, with metals borides are formed for example,

         Water, steam and HCl have no action on B. oxidising acids (HNO₃, H₂SO₄) convert boron to H₃BO₃.

         Fused alkalies (NaOH, KOH) dissolve boron forming borates, liberating hydrogen.

         (4) Uses of Boron : Boron is used in atomic reactors as protective shields and control rods, as a semiconductors for making electronic devices in steel industry for increasing the hardness of steel and in making light composite materials for air craft's.

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