Batch Systems
Early computers were large machines run from a console with the card readers and tape drives as input devices and line tape drives, printers and card punches as output devices. The user did not interact straight with the system; instead of it the user prepared a job, (which included some of the program, data, and some control information about the nature of the job in the form of the control cards) and submitted this to the computer operator. The work was in the form of punch cards, and afterwards the output was generated by the system- user didn't get to be in contact with his/her job. The output comprised of the result of the program, as well as a dump of the final memory and register contents for debugging.
To speed up the processing, operators batched together jobs with similar requirements, and ran them by the computer as a group. For instance, all FORTRAN programs were compiled from one after the other. The main task of such an operating system was to transfer the control automatically from one job to the next job. In these execution surroundings, the CPU is often idle because the speeds of the mechanical I/O devices such as a tape drive are slower than that of electronic devices. These type of systems in which the user does not get to interact with his/her tasks and tasks with similar requirements are executed in a "batch", one after the other, are called as batch systems . Digital Equipment Corporation's VMS is an instance for a batch operating system.
Figure drawn below shows the memory layout of the typical computer system, with the system space containing the operating system code and data presently in use and the user space containing the user programs (processes). In case of a batch system, the user space contains one process at a time because only one process is executing at a given time.
Figure shows the Memory partitioned into the user and system spaces
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