Artificial transmutation of elements

The conversion of one element into another by artificial means which is by means of bombarding with some of the fundamental particles is called as artificial transmutation. The phenomenon was first applied on the nitrogen whose nucleus was bombarded with the α-particles to produce the oxygen.

The element, which is produced hear, shows radioactivity, the phenomenon is called as Induced radioactivity. The fundamental particles which are used in bombardment of different elements are given below,

α-particle: ₂He⁴; Proton: ₁H¹

Deutron : ₁H² or ₁D² ; Neutron : _oN¹

Asa-particles, protons and deutrons have positive charge, they are repelled by positively charged nucleus and thus these are not good projectiles. Alternatively, neutrons, which have no charge, are the best projectiles. Cyclotron is the most usually used instrument for accelerating these particles. The particles begins from instrument with the velocity of near about 25,000 miles per second. A much recent accelerating instrument is termed as the synchrotron or bevatron. It is significant to note that this instrument cannot accelerate the neutrons, because they are neutral in nature.

When the target element is bombarded with neutrons, product depends upon speed of the neutrons. Slow neutrons penetrate the nucleus while the high-speed neutron passes through the nucleus.

Thus slow neutrons, also termed as thermal neutrons are more effective in producing nuclear reactions than the high-speed neutrons.

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