Artificial method for manufacture of Petrol or gasoline
(i) Cracking, (ii) Synthesis
(i) Cracking : It is a process in which high boiling fractions consisting of higher hydrocarbons are heated strongly to decompose them into lower hydrocarbons with low boiling points. Cracking is taken in two different ways.
(a) Liquid phase cracking : In that phenomena, the residual oil or heavy oil is cracked at a high temperature (475 - 530oC) under high pressure (7 to 70 atmospheric pressure). The higher pressure saves the reaction product in liquid state. The conversion is approximately 70% and the resulting petrol has the octane number in the range 65 to 70.
The cracking can be done in presence of some catalysts like zinc oxide, silica, titanium oxide, alumina and ferric oxide. The yields of petrol are usually high when catalyst is used.
(b) Vapour phase cracking : In this process, gas oil or kerosene oil is vaporized in vapour phase. The temperature is kept 600 - 800oC and the pressure is about 3.5 to 10.5 atmospheres. The cracking is given by use of a referable catalyst. The gives up are about 70%.
(ii) Synthesis : Two processes are applicable for synthesis.
(a) Bergius process : This process was developed by Bergius in Germany during first world war.
Of hydrocarbons or crude oil
(b) Fischer- tropsch process : The overall yield of this method is slightly higher than Bergius process.
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The best catalyst for that method is a mixture of cobalt (100 parts), thoria, (5 parts), magnesia (8 parts) and kieselguhr (200 parts).
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