Applications of hybridisation

         (i) Size of the hybrid orbitals : Since s- orbitals are closer to the nucleus than p- orbitals, it is reasonable to expect that greater the s character of an orbital the smaller it is. Thus the descending order of the length of the three hybrid orbitals is opposite to that of the decreasing order of s orbital character in the three hybrid orbitals.

         sp³ > sp²>sp

         (ii) Electronegativity of different orbitals

         (a) Electronegativity of s-orbital is highest.

         (b) Electronegativity of hybrid orbital  ∝  % s-character in hybrid orbitals

         Thus sp-hybrid carbon is always electronegative in character and sp³- hybrid carbon is electropositive in character. Sp²-hybrid carbon can behave as electropositive (in carbocation) as well as electronegative (in carbanion) in character.

         (c) Electronegativities of distinct hybrid and unhybrid orbitals in decreasing order is as follows

         (iii) Bond length variation in hydrocarbons

         % of s orbital character

Table : 

       (iv) Bond strength in hydrocarbons : The shorter is the bond size, the greater is the compression between molecules atomic nuclei and hence greater is the strength of that bond.

Table : 

         (v) Acidity of hydrocarbons

         (a) Hydrogen exist on electronegative carbon is acidic in nature.

         (b) Acidity of hydrogen is directly proportional to the electronegativity of the atom on which hydrogen is present.

         Thus  

         (c) Acidity of hydrocarbon  ∝  % of s-character

% s-character    50                   33.33                     25

                        25                   44                        50

         s- character and acidity in descending order

         Acidity 

         Order of acidic nature of alkynes is,

The relative acidic character takes the order;

         Obviously, the basic character of their conjugate bases follows the reverse sequence, i.e.,

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