Application of adsorption
The phenomenon of adsorption finds a number of applications. Significant applications are given below.
(1) Production of high vacuum
(2) In Gas masks : This apparatus is used to adsorb poisonous gases (e.g. oxide of sulphur etc.) and thus purify the air for breathing.
(3) For desiccation or dehumidification : These substances can be used to reduce/remove water vapours or moisture present in air. The Silica gel and alumina are used for dehumidification in electronic equipment.
(4) Removel of colouring matter from solution :
(i) Animal charcoal removes colours of solutions by adsorbing coloured impurities.
(ii) The animal charcoal is used as the decolouriser in the manufacture of cane sugar.
(5) Heterogeneous catalysis : Generally the heterogeneous catalytic reactions proceed through the adsorption of gaseous reactants on solid catalyst. For example,
(i) Finely powdered nickel is taken in use for the hydrogenation of oils.
(ii) Finely divided vanadium pentaoxide (V2O5) is taken in use in the contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid.
(6) The separation of inert gases : Because of the the difference in degree of adsorption of gases by charcoal, a mixture of inert gases can be separated by adsorption on coconut charcoal at different low temperatures.
(7) Softening of hard water
(i) The hard water which is passed through the column packed with zeolite (sodium aluminium silicate)
(ii) Ca++, Mg++ ions which are responsible for the hardness of water, get adsorbed on the zeolite, exchanging sodium ions.
(iii) The exhausted zeolite is regenerated with 10% of sodium chloride solution.
(8) De-ionisation of water
(i) The water can be de-ionised by removing all the dissolved salts with the help of cation and the anion-exchanger resin.
(ii) Cation-exchanger is an organic synthetic resin such as polystyrene-containing a macroanion (R- SO3- etc.) which has adsorbed H+ ions.
(iii) A resin containing a basic group (R3N+ etc.) which has adsorbed OH- ions acts as anion exchanger.
(9) In curing diseases : A number of drugs are adsorbed on the germs and kill them or these are adsorbed on the tissues and heat them.
(10) The cleaning agents : The soap and detergents get adsorbed on the interface and hence reduce the surface tension between dirt and cloth, subsequently the dirt is removed from the cloth.
(11) Froth floatation process
A low grade sulphide ore is concentrated by separating it from silica and other earthy matter by this method.
(12) In adsorption indicators
The surface of certain precipitates like silver halide, have the property of adsorbing some dyes such as eosin, fluorescein etc.
(13) Chromatographic analysis
The process of adsorption has given an excellent technique of analysis known as chromatographic analysis.
(14) In dyeing : Several dyes get adsorbed on the cloth either directly or by the use of mordants.
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