Actinides:
The elements along with atomic numbers of 90 to 103 which is thorium to lawrencium (which come after actinium, Z = 89) are denoted as actinones or actinides. These actinones or actinides involves filling of the 5 f-orbitals. Their common electronic configuration could be given as, [Rn] 5f1-146d0-17s2.
The three naturally occurring elements are included those are protactinium, thorium, and uranium and eleven transuranium elements or transuranics that are produced through nuclear reactions. That element can be synthetic or manmade. Actinides are all radioactive in nature.
Properties of actinides
There are some properties of actinides that are given below:
(a) Oxidation state:
A dominant oxidation state of actinides is +3 that show increasing stability for the heavier elements. Same as here Np shows +7 oxidation state but this is oxidising and is decrease to the most stable state that is +5. Like Np, Pu also shows states upto +7 and Am upto +6 other than the most stable state drops to Am (+3) and Pu (+4) Bk in +4 state is tightly oxidising but is more stable than Cm and Am in 4 state because of f 7 configuration. As same, No is markedly stable in +2 states because of its f14 configuration. While the oxidation number raise to + 6, the actinide ions are not simple any more. The high charge density results in the creation of oxygenated ions for example UO22+, NpO22+ etc. The exhibition of large number of oxidation states of actinides is because of the fact in which there is an extremely little energy gap between 5f, 6d and 7s subshells and thus all their electrons can take part in bond creation.
(b) Actinide contraction:
In atomic number from Th to Lr there is a regular decrease in ironic radii with increment this is called as actinide contraction analogous to the lanthanide contraction. It was happen because of imperfect shielding of one 5f electron through another within the similar shell. The output is in the increase in effectual nuclear charge that is the purpose of contraction in dimension of the electron cloud.
(c) Colour of the ions:
The other property of actinides is the colour of the Ions. Ions of actinides are commonly coloured because of f - f transitions. Transitions depends upon number of the electrons in 5 f orbitals.
(d) Magnetic properties:
Actinide elements are strongly paramagnetic like as lanthanides elements. The magnetic moments are lesser in the compare of theoretically predicted values. This is because of the fact in which 5f electrons of actinides are less efficiently shielded and give the output in the quenching of orbital contribution.
(v) Complex formation:
One more features of actinides is complex formation. Actinides posses greater tendency to form complexes since of the higher nuclear charge and smaller in size of their atoms. They form complexes even along with the p-bonding ligands like phosphines, alkyl thioethers and etc, in addition EDTA, b-diketones, oxine etc. degree of the complex formation is decreased in sequence. The equation is given below:
M4+> MO22+>M3+>MO2+
In the above equation M is element of actinide series. There is a high concentration of charge at the metal atom within MO22+ that imparts to it relative high tendency towards the complex formation.
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