AC Load line:

Consider the DC equivalent circuit figure1.

Figure 1

Supposing I_C = I_C(approx), the output circuit voltage equation can be given as

The slop of the DC load line is    .

When considering AC equivalent circuit, the output impedance becomes R_C || R_L which is less than (R_C +R_E).

In the absence of ac signal, this load line passes through Q point. Therefore ac load line is a line of slope (-1 / ( R_C || R_L) ) passing through Q point. Hence, the output voltage fluctuations will now be corresponding to AC load line as shown in the figure 2. Under this condition, Q-point is not in the middle of load line, thus Q-point is selected slightly upward, means shifted slightly to the saturation side.

Figure 2

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