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Fluids Machinery

Fluids machines are used to serve the purpose of converting the energy stored in the fluid to the form of mechanical energy. The fluid mass contains energy in the form of potential, intermolecular and kinetic energy. The mechanical energy thus formed in further transmitted using rotating shaft. The machines which use liquid, especially water, for their various purposes are called as hydraulic machines. Fluid engineering involves the various principles which govern the energy transfer by a fluid machine and also describe different kinds of hydraulic machines and their performances.

Fluid machines can be classified in various ways.

Classification on the basis of direction of energy conversion

A turbine converts the potential, kinetic and intermolecular energy of the fluid into the mechanical energy of a rotating member. The fans, blowers, pumps and compressors transfer the mechanical energy produced by them by moving their parts to the fluid which increases the stored energy of the fluid. The pressure or velocity of the fluid is increased for this purpose.

Classification is based on the basis of energy conversion

The positive displacement machines function by changing the volume of fluid within the machine. There is a physical displacement of the boundary of the fluid mass within the system and this is called positive displacement. The word reciprocating is often used with the machines which undertake the positive displacement motion. This is because the piston of the machine moves in a reciprocating manner. Reciprocating engine produces the mechanical energy while the reciprocating pumps/compressor uses the mechanical energy for energizing the fluid. Rotodynamic machines also functions on the basis of fluid mechanics. They require a liquid motion between the moving parts of the machines and the fluids. The fixed part of rotodynamic machine is called the stator whereas the blades or vanes are known as rotors or impellers. Within the impeller, the fluid’s angular momentum imparts the necessary torque to the other rotating members. In pumps, compressors, fans and blowers, the rotor on the fluid element does the necessary work while for turbines the same work is done by fluids on the rotors. The machine is termed as a radial flow machine or an axial flow machine depending on the fluid path of the rotor. The flow of the rotor flows in radial direction and towards the centre of the rotor and in an axial flow machine the fluid flows axially and away from the centre. Centrifugal pumps and compressors and Francis turbines are examples of such type of machines which work on radial flow basis. Axial flow compressors and Kaplan turbines are the example of axial rotor flow type. In the mixed flow machine, the flow is partially radial and partially turbine.

fluid mechanics

Archimedes gave the fundamental principles of fluid mechanics in his book on floating bodies at around 250 b.c. He also gave the law of buoyancy. First attempts for building hydraulic machinery were developed at around 120 b.c. Later Abu reyhan biruni and Al-khazini first applied experimental scientific methods to fluid mechanics. The book Hydrodynamica seu de viribus et motibus fluidorum commentarii, by Daniel Bernoulli in 1738 gave the theories relating to motion of fluids. Pierre Louis Georges Dubuat did wide experimenting in the field of fluid hydraulics and further revised the theory of hydraulics. Gaspard riche de prony worked on the theory of running water during the years 1755 to 1839. The twentieth century saw the development of vortex dynamics. Vortex dynamics is concerned with work shops, symposia and scientific conferences regarding fluid hydraulics. Arms, Hama, Betchov and others gave the localized induction approximization concept in 1960. This gave the principle of three dimensional vortex filament motions. Fluid dynamic is one of the most important braches of science for human use and thus the subject is explored by researchers continuously.