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Digital Electronics Engineering

Digital electronics signal representation is done by representing signals using discreet brands of analog levels, rather than by continuous range. A band’s all levels represents the same signal state. The discrete envelope holds and contains the small changes to the analog signal levels which are caused due to manufacturing tolerance, parasitic noise or signal attenuation which are held and contained in the discrete envelope. As a result of this, they are ignored by the signal state sensing circuitry. There are two such states and are represented by two voltage bands. One is near the reference value which is termed as zero or ground volt and the other is near the supply voltage and corresponds to the false [0] and true [1] values of the Boolean domain respectively.

By the use of digital techniques it is easier to switch an electronic device to a known state and it becomes unnecessary to accurately reproduce values of continuous range.

Digital circuits have wide advantages over analog circuits. The digital representation enables the signals to be transmitted without causing any degradation to them, which can occur because of noise. A digital signal can have more number of binary digits for its representation. This provides for a more precise representation of the system. Each digit is handled by the same kind of hardware and more digital circuits are used to process the signals. It also does not require fundamental improvements for additional resolutions for each step of signal chain, as in an analog circuit.

Digital signals which are computer controlled can be used and controlled by software. New functions can also be added without changing the hardware. This can be also done outside the factory premises, which helps in easy checking and correction of design errors even after the product is in the customer’s hand.

There are also some disadvantages associated with digital circuits. They sometimes use more energy than an analog circuit for accomplishing the same number of tasks. Also more heat is produced by them thus increasing the complexity of the systems. They also involve more costs and are a bit expensive in comparison to analog circuits. Digital circuits are more prone to errors and misrepresentation or losing of a single piece of data may lead to changes in large blocks of related data.

Digital circuits and their analog issues

Analog components are used to make digital circuits. The design should be such that no dominations of the analog components over the desired digital behavior occur. Digital systems must also be able to manage timing and noise margins, parasitic capacitances and inductances as well as the filter power connections. As the digital circuits are also designed using analog components, they calculation rate is a bit slower than the low precision analog circuits which use the same amount of power and space.

Construction of a digital circuit

Small electronic circuits called logic gates are used to construct combinational logic which in turn yield a digital circuit. A function of Boolean logic is represented by each logic gate. A logic gate can be defined as an arrangement of electronically controlled switches, which are also known as transistors. Each logic gate has got a specific shape which is different from others and is unique to it. The first and actual set of shapes was formed in the year 1984 under IEEE/ANSI standard 91-1984. The same logic systems are more widely used now and even the literature published by manufacturers who produce digital integrated circuit contains them. The electric or voltage flows form a logic gate and further controls more logic gates. The use of fewer numbers of transistors in logic gates helps them to have reduced size, lower cost and fuel consumption ratios. Lower number of transistors also increases their reliability. The programmable logic devices or PLD’s are constructed from look up tables. Look up table also perform the same functions of logic gate, but are more easily reprogrammable. The programmable logic controller or PLC is designed when only one digital circuit is required and the design needed is also fully customized. Ladder logic is used by the engineers to program them. For example a factory production line controller.