"Table of ContentsQuestion 1 .................................................................................................................................................... 1Question 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 2Question 3 .................................................................................................................................................... 2Question 4 .................................................................................................................................................... 4Question 5 .................................................................................................................................................... 5Question 6 .................................................................................................................................................... 6Question 7 .................................................................................................................................................... 7Question 8 .................................................................................................................................................... 8Question 9 .................................................................................................................................................... 9References .................................................................................................................................................... 9 Question 1The Android app is created for the food delivery through the driver named as UberEATS.This app is created by the Uber Technologies Inc. this will be very useful for the people. Thisapp is currently developed in some cities for testing. Through the uber smartphone applicationthe user places their order by registering their details. After registration, the user must signin tothe application and place their order from their home alone. They can choose the restaurants fortheir foods which is also available in the app. The company database contains more number ofrestaurants. Then, it gives the notification to the driver and alerts them that there is a delivery forhim. The driver goes to the restaurant and collects the ordered items and delivers them within theparticular time duration. The payment is done through online via this app.1 Question 2The Z specification language is used for representing the mathematical model for thestate space system. The incremental specification is used by z specification to develop the newschema based on the components of the system. In this schema, the available variables aredrivers, users, order and deliver. The declared domain variable is drivers = dom deliver +UBEREatsdrivers : P NAME users : P PERSONorder : PERSON? LOCATION ? ITEMdeliver : NAME? LOCATION|drivers = dom deliver+The S set of users are declared with x users and the single user is defined as m in thesystem that is described as below:m ? {x: S|…..x…..} ?m ? S ? (…..m…..)The member of S set of users is m is used to replace x.z ? {n :users | location(n) = near to driver?} ?o?users ?location(n) = near to driver?The output set is denoted as z. Using the above declaration, the user is located. It is usefulfor the drivers to find the location of the user during the delivery.Question 3To add new userFor adding the new users, driver and company various schemas are given respectively.The add user schema is used to add the new user in the database. The add user schema consistsof two different variables such as user and users'. The users variable is used to declare the databefore entering the information. The users' variable is used to declare the data after entering theinformation. This schema must be required for the user information such as name, location,phone number and age.+AddUsers?UBEREatsname? : NAME2 location? : LOCATIONphonenum? : NUMBERage? : AGE|name? ? usersusers' = users ? {name? ?location? ?number? ?age}+To add new driverIn driver schema, the driver and driver' are the variables which help to add the newdriver. The first variable denotes before state change and the second variable denotes the stateafter change. The pre-condition is satisfied after checking the details of the driver which isentered by the driver. These details must contain name, age and license.+ AddDrivers?UBEREatsname? : NAMEage? : AGElicense? : LICENSE|age = 18 < age < 40name? ? knownknown' = known ? {name? ?age? ?license?}+To add new companyThe company schema includes the details of the company, if the company wants to tie upwith UberEATS. Companies and companies' are the variables that declare the states before andafter the change respectively. The required information are name, location, contact person andcontact number. The condition is satisfied, if the company is new to UberEATS.+ AddCompany?Companiesname? : NAMElocation? : LOCATIONcontact person? : PERSONcontact number? : NUMBER|name? ? companiescompanies' = companies ? {name ? function? ? contact person? ? contactnumber?}+3 Question 4Phonebook displays list of contact number of customers. It also contains the details suchas customer name,phone number,address and ordered items. Known and number are used as thevariables in the declaration part. The orders of the customers are indicated by the knownvariable. The contact information of the customer is represented by Number variable. Theassumption and declaration parts are divided by horizontal line. Number is used as a domainvariable.Known = dom number+ PhoneBookregistered users : P NAMEnumber : NAME? NUMBER|registered users = dom number++ Successrep !: result|rep != 'number is available'+The state space of the phonebook consists of two stages such as success and failure. Theverification of the order is done with the help of contact number by the driver. If the number isnot present in the phone book, then it is considered as a failure state. The order gets cancelledonce the failure state appears. If the order is successful then, it displays the string stating“number is available”.+ NotKown?PhoneBookname? : NAMErep !: result|name ? usersrep != 'number is not available in phone directory'+4 Question 5The declaration of the static and dynamic elements are taken place in this Z scheme.These elements are used to create a new scheme in which the company database is removed fromthe list of the companies. The details of the employees and the restaurants are present in thecompany database. UberEATS is a database which is used to make connection between thecustomers and restaurants. UberEATS is used as a state variable in the company databasewhereas the known, location, function and date are used as the available variable.The details ofthe partner who links with that company is indicated by the known variable.The domains ofthese systems are location and date. Location represents the location of the hotel of the partner.Date is used to display the delivery date of the food items. If the number of customers increases,then the database needs to be updated.Known = dom LocationFunction = dom Date+ Companies?UBEREatscompanies : P NAMEcontact person : P PERSONcontact number : NUMBERlocation : NAME? LOCATION |companies = dom location+RemoveThe remove scheme is used to remove the company details from the database. If thecompany details are removed then, the details of the partner's restaurant is also removed from thelist. Because, the UberEATS does not make direct connection between them. Name is a variablewhich is used to describe the function of the company database. To delete the company detailsfrom a database, the name and location of the company is given as the input data. + Remove?CompaniesListname? : NAME|location' = {name?} ?location5 +Question 6The payment through online is done with the help of account database. The Accountscheme is used to show the account details to the customers. The parameters used in the Accountscheme are accnum and accdetail. The account number of the customer is indicated by accnum.Accdetail is used to verify the input data such as Number, Name, CVV number and expiry dateof card. The repeated records should be avoided in the account database.+ Accountaccnum : P NUMBERaccdetail : NUMBER ? NAME ? CVV NUMBER ? CARD EXPIRY DATE|known = domaccdetail+AddaccountThe Addaccount scheme is used to check the account details of the customer from theaccount database. It is also used to save the new customer details such as account number, name,CVV Number and expiry date into the databases. + AddAccount?Accountaccnum? : NUMBERname? : NAMEcvv number? : CVV NUMBERcard expiry date? : CARD EXPIRY DATE|number? ? knownaccdetail' = accdetail ? {accnum? ?name? ?cvv number? ?card expiry date?}+SearchThe operation of the Account scheme is to find the payment details of the customer at thetime of food delivery.The account number of the customer is denoted by Number, which is aninput constant.The search scheme is used to check whether the user account number (NUMBER)6 is present in the database or not. If the NUMBER is present in the database then, it will returntrue statement.+ Search?Accountname? : NAME ;accnum? : P NUMBER|accnum != {i:NUMBERi ? known; accdetail(i) = name?}+RemoveThe Remove scheme is used to remove the repeated records from the account database. + Remove?Accountnumber? : NUMBER|accdetail' = {number?} ?accdetail+Question 7Lookup is used to give the account information. The look up schema contains the errorstate and the account information does not contain the input number. Because, the accountinformation input number "?" is linked with input data (data!).The data is partial name andfunction "?" is the valid lookup schema ?dom (data).Upper portion of lookup schema describesthe collection of variables and the variable "!" and "?" is used to be defined for the output andinput respectively. Below notation explains the schema calculus.Bottom portion of the lookup schema describes the collection of observations and thebottom portion is also called as predicates. The lookup schema is divided into two stages such asbad lookup and success look up. During the success lookup execution, the look up messageproduces the 'reply! =ok'. The lookup schema function is used to invariant the accountinformation.+ LookUp_OK?Accountaccnum? : NUMBER7 name !: NAME|name? ? dom (accdetail)name != accdetail (number?)++ LookUp_Error?Accountaccnum? : NUMBERrep != Lookup Reply|number? ? dom (accdetail)rep != notknown++ Replace_OKrep !: Lookup Reply|rep !: 'ok'+Question 8Specification of structureZ specification is not a viewed structure. Z specification have the risks that are not onlypresent in the specification of the structure but it is also included in the development of thestructure. Structure maintenance is not easy to handle. It has the complex functionality. Itproduces the sequence of output. It uses the ordering mechanism and ordering is an importantmechanism(Li, Zhao, & Wei, 2013).Z language functions riskZ specification language uses many functions and it is used to define the Z language. Thefunctions are Enumeration (x1. . .xn), Equivalence ( ?),Union( ?),State change (?) andConjunction ( ?). Very difficult to understanding the Z notation. It uses small number of tools andit causes the Z language functions. The main risk of Z specification language handling theexecution delay.Risk of design8 Design risk is caused by Z notation.Z specification language design is too complex. TheZ specification language development and understanding is not easy for human beings. Designrisk is reduced by the software. It automatically generates all the codes.Risk Solution? CADIZ accepting the ASCII file and this file has the Z schema that includes variousinstructions. ? Performance is verified and the risks will be reduced.? Individual schema is expressed, the risk will be decreased.? Z specification language development needs to handle the Meta structure andclarifications(Khalafinejad&Mirian-Hosseinabadi, 2013).Question 9The UberEATS application requirements are fulfilled and analyzed by the Z specificationlanguage and information of the state space. The mathematical description and formalspecification are studied. Many operations are performed by the restaurant, drivers andcustomers such as login and the registration to order the food is done by using the desired statechanging operation and schema. The Mathematical descriptions and Z specification language aredefined by the states such as deliver, order, users and drivers in the state space system. Separateschema is created to addnew users, new company, and new drivers.During the food delivery,the lookup schema is used to give the customer phone number. The developed schema is used toremove the company database from the list.The specification is analyzed and operationsareperformed by using the schema. The System risks are explained and identified by using the Zspecification language design and functions.ReferencesKhalafinejad, S. &Mirian-Hosseinabadi, S. (2013). Translation of Z specifications to executablecode: Application to the database domain. Information And Software Technology, 55(6),1017-1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2012.12.0079 Li, Y., Zhao, W., & Wei, X. (2013). An Object-Z Specification of a Petrol SupplySystem. Applied Mechanics And Materials, 427-429, 2349-2353.http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.234910 "