"Introduction:Optometry is the branch of medical science whose prior focus is on eye care; todiagnose, treat and manage diseases and disorders related to our visual system and thedoctors of optometry are known as optometrists. Optometrists are widely spread acrossthe world and United States contributes to major part when it comes to counting.Optometrists provide information to their patients’ regarding surgical and non-surgicaloptions that will fulfill their visual requirements according to their lifestyle. They areactually the first health doctors to investigate and diagnose people with cataracts. Due tothe immense spread of visual diseases; the profession of optometry is growing in manycountries and gaining popularity because of its effective clinical care, research, andeducation in order to cure visual disabilities. (American Optometric Association)Optometric Clinical Practice Guidelines are suggestions for patient care which areconstructed through a formal process. They combine the best available informationalong with present scientific evidence and research to guide optometrists withappropriate steps in the administration, diagnosis and treatment of patients variousdiseases related to eye and vision conditions. This guideline helps optometrists inidentifying patients with risks of developing cataracts and improves the quality of carebeing provided to patients with cataracts. It assists them in diagnosing cataract veryprecisely and ininforming and educating patients about the effects, complications andvisual disabilities that are developed through cataract and also about the availability oftreatment for it. (American Optometric Association)Cataract is the major cause of blindness in which the bottom lens becomescloudy causing visual disturbance. Due to this cloudiness, the rays of light which helpsus to see are not able to enter into the eye. The images become very blur and colorless;which seems like looking through a dusty or foggy window of your room. Your eyesbecome extra sensitive to light. You are not able to see things properly at night andbright color seems faded. People with visual disability through cataracts are said to bemore than 8million. One of the reasons of cataract is aging. This is when the normal protein in the lens startsbreaking down after around the age of 40. It appears gradually but in people withyounger age it appears quickly. So, there’s no as such prediction made by doctors thathow quickly a cataract appears. Besides aging, it is inherited or maybe caused due topoor medical conditions such as diabetes. Other cause of cataract can be the Ultravioletrays of the sun or some radiation treatment on the upper body. If a person has gonethrough a cataract diagnosis, he should have his eye exam once a year if he is aged andtwice a year if he is younger in age. He should quit smoking and use brighter lights forhis daily activities. He should take care of his medical conditions especially if he is apatient of diabetes and avoid driving at night. Get the right lens or eyeglasses in order tomake your vision stable and if you are still facing difficulties with your vision then gofor a cataract surgery. Because surgery is the only way to remove these cataracts only ifthe problem has become really intense. (American Academy of Ophthalmology)There is a Federal Government lead agency of vision research known as The NationalEye Institute whose main focus is to search for treatments for impairing visual blindness.This institute has conducted a number of researches whose main focus is to study the factors involved in the development of age-related cataract. It is also studying theincreased risk of cataract due to sunlight exposure and vitamin supplements that delaysthe progression of cataract. For understanding cataract more precisely, this institute isalso doing genetic studies. (National Eye Institute)Due to the increasing visual impairments, The Kenyans felt the need of introducingoptometry in their country. As a result of that in 2006 the field of optometry wasintroduced in Kenya for serving the country with one of its best Eye care team.Theyincluded it in their course as a 3 year diploma. So a large number of medical andoptometry institutions were made for providing their citizens with Health Care. Theyalso started doing research on Human subjects. (Now you know)Kenya is dedicated to improve the lives of people with blindness. According to theWorld Health Organization 285million people are visually impaired or blind. Proper andprecise diagnosis is the key to an operative treatment and management. Kenya isconsidered of having a wide range and modern methods of clinical diagnosticequipment. Large number of their surgeons is laser surgeons. They carry out laser- treatments of diabetic patients and undergo Nd-YAG laser treatment for after-cataractcapsular opacities. Their ophthalmologists have great skills and knowledge of carryingout a large number of cataract, glaucoma and corneal surgeries along with transplants.The screening and treatment of cataract is done by OCOS. Their Oco-cataract surgeonscarry out most of the surgeries of minor lid and ocular surface. (Eye Unit)Literature Review: Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in many low-income settings. Such a disease ismore prevalent in low-income settings, due to the poor diet of the people as they don’thave enough resources, due to sunlight exposure and excessive use of biomass fuels.Genetic factors may also be responsible for it, if the cataract prevalence varies betweenthe populations of low-income settings. India is a vast country with a large populationhaving great geographical variations of climate and ancestry. There was two-centerstudy over took in the two opposite regions of India to identify and examine theprevalence and risk factors for cataract. It was a population-based study known as TheIndia Study of Age-related Eye Disease which diagnoses visual impairments of agedpeople up to age 60. Their aim was to study the age and gender prevalence of early andlate age-related ambiguous degeneration and of lens opacities and investigate how poordietary, use of excessive tobacco and exposure of heat through the burning of biomassfuels become the cause of such visual impairments like cataract. A total of 3932 peoplein north India and 3586 in south India of age 60years were identified from reckoning.(NCBI) The risk of cataract increases after every 10years of life starting around 40years of age. This disease of cataract is very common among white Americans by age 70to age 80. It is expected that by 2050, the population of white Americans with cataractwill double from 24.4 million to 50 million. Age-related cataract is always the leadingcause of visual disability all over the world, especially in china. China is a developingcountry and is a home to one-fifth of the global population. At present, surgery is theonly way to get rid of cataract but this technique is very expensive in the developingcountries that some of the people can’t afford it. A cross-sectional study was carried out among the people of china using a random sampling cluster method. They conducted adetailed eye examination of all the participants who were around the 45years or older,including fundus examination, presenting visual acuity (PVA), slit-lamp assessment oflens opacities using the Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCSIII). The resultsthat were evolved through this study were that the prevalence of nuclear, cortical,posterior sub capsular cataract (PSC) was 28.6%, 24.3% and 4.4% respectively. Throughthis study it was proved that the combined nuclear and cortical cataract was the mostcommon type of cataract in china. According to a research done by US visualimpairment and The World Health Organization under the VI criteria, 40.6% and 21.8%of Posterior Sub capsular Cataract (PSC) had binocular VI and these values were higherin number than those of the VI values of nuclear and cortical cataract. According to aresearch conducted in 2010, of overall 35.5million of the population was visuallydisabled due to Cataract. It means that cataract caused 34.4% of total visual impairmentall over the world. (IOVS)The rise of Cataract in European countries is also at its peak in the elderlypeople. As a result of progressive aging of the European population, the increase in theprevalence of cataract is seen. The population of Denmark is considered to be increasedby 10%, the population of the aged people is predicted to be doubled by 2050 that is20.40% and the number of cataract surgeries is also predicted to increase till 2050. Itwould be hard to meet the increases demands of cataract surgeries in future unless someactions are taken against it. (Acta Ophtalmologica) Cataracts are of various types and are usually described according to theircause. There are Age-related cataracts which are further classified as mature senile cataract, immature senile cataract, hyper mature senile cataract and cortical senilecataract. Then there are secondary cataracts, traumatic cataracts, drug-induced cataracts,congenital cataracts and radiation cataracts caused by the sunlight exposure. Cataractsare usually categorized according to their place of formation such as anterior corticalcataract and Posterior cortical cataract, anterior polar cataract and posterior polarcataract, anterior subcapsular cataract and posterior sucapsular cataract. (News MedicalLife Sciences)In order to determine whether you have a cataract or not, youroptometrist will check your medical history of your eyes, symptoms and will perform aproper eye examination. The optometrist will conduct a number of tests such as Visualacuity test in which an eye chart is used with both small and capital letters to measurehow well you can read these letters, Slit-lamp examination in which a microscope isused which lits light to the cornea of the eye, lens, iris and the space between iris andcornea in order to study the smaller parts of your eye and then there is a Retinal exam inwhich the doctor puts drops in your eyes to open your pupils dilate or to wide your pupilin order to examine the back of your eyes. By using a slit-lamp or ophthalmoscope youreye specialist can examine your lens for the signs of cataract. (MayoClinic)When the glasses that are prescribed by your doctor don’t clear your visionthen the only way to treat cataract is through cataract surgery. It is your doctor who willdecide whether cataract surgery would be right for you or not. Mostly doctorsrecommend cataract surgery to their patients when it starts affecting their personal livesor activities. Otherwise there is no rush of cataract surgery, unless the patient is sufferingfrom diabetes. Cataracts grew quickly in people suffering with diabetes. During cataract surgery the clouded lens is removed and is replaced with a clear artificial lens. Theartificial lens is known as the intraocular lens which remains forever in your eye and isplaced at the same position where the natural lens is placed. Cataract surgery isconsidered very safe but it does carry some complications with it such as risk ofinfection or bleeding. (Mayo Clinic)Optometry is basically a health-care profession dealing with eyes and its relatedstructures, its vision and visual system.In the field of optometry one can publiclyexamine eye conditions in high street optometrists, or can examine specific eyeconditions or can carry out researches in laboratories or universities. If one has a rightskill in optometry that person can serve anywhere in the world using his knowledge andskills.Optometrists provide cataract surgery postoperative care, and feel confident inexamining their patients for the detection of complications so that they may not return totheir ophthalmologists again. They only deal with daily routine problems andcomplications such as of redness of the eye, blurred vision and a slight increase inintraocular pressure. Only few of the optometrists are allowed to give therapeutic drugsto the patients dealing with visual impairments.In order to determine the progression and functional impairment in visiondue to cataract and to identify other causes of lens opacity, careful history is essential. Apatient having senile cataract usually comes with a history of gradual disturbance invision. Such visual aberrations depend upon the type of the cataract the patient is having.People with senile cataract usually have decreased visual acuity. Furthermore, a milddegree of posterior subcapsular cataract can also cause reduction in the visual acuity inwhich near acuity is affected more than the distance vision. People with senile cataract have the complaints of increased glare also. In this condition the patients are not able tosee the bright colors. These colors seem very faded to then and it is also impossible forsuch patients to drive at night. Then there comes the Monocular diplopia in which thenuclear changes are often found in the inner layers of the lens. (Medscape)Cataracts are usually classified according to the part of the lens that isaffected and also according to their visual appearance and etiology. The most commonage-related cataracts are: nuclear sclerotic cataract which is located in the lens of thenucleus; cortical cataract which is located in the cortex and posterior subcapsularcataract which is located towards the back of the eye. Nuclear cataract is considered asthe most common type of age-related cataract while Posterior subcapsular cataract isconsidered more common among the younger people. Numerous methods have beendeveloped for examining the severity of age-related cataracts. (NCBI)Most cataract operations are performed among elderly people of around 60 years of age.According to Cataract Surgery Guidelines, cataract surgery is generally really good andit was seen that geographical variation may have occurred in some areas. According toRNIB report, the average time to cataract treatment during 2012-2013 was 129days. Butaccording to Clinical Commissioning Groups in England it ranged from 44 days to 222days. It varies from region to region. (NCBI) Cataract management involves ophthalmologists, optometrists, nurses andtechnicians for the ultimate responsibility of diagnosis. The surgery itself is performedby ophthalmologists with great care and precise measurements. After the treatment the "