"New assignment for Human Lifespan Development class. (research paper)Assessment of Student Learning:Each assignment MUST BE TYPED, double-spaced, 12-point type, Times New Roman fontAPA style.Please proofread all of your assignments before handing them in.Please usespelling and grammar checks to ensure that you do not have any errors.Projects: You will write a research paper.It should be at least 3-5 pages, and those 3-5 pages includeonly the main body of the paper; title pages and citation pages are EXTRA.The instructor willgive you sample topics to choose from, or you may choose your own topic from thetextbook.You must clear your topic with the instructor before you begin writing.Failureto clear your topic with the instructor will result in a loss of 20 points.The instructor willkeep track of topics in Canvas.You will include at least 3 sources, APA style.At least one ofyour sources MUST BE SCHOLARLY.Wikipedia is NOT an acceptable source. You can usewebsites as sources.You may NOT cite movies as a source. Your textbook may NOT be one ofthese 3 main sources. You may, however, include the textbook as a source if you already have3 other sources.Sources are worth 15 points each.Your paper needs to be in a standardformat; indented paragraphs, 12 point type, 1-inch margins, double-spaced. This should be sentto the dropbox so that I have an electronic copy. 150 points.NOTE: the assignment will be only 3 pages. please make sure that the expert confirm thetopic with me so I can get a confirmation from the professor if I can write about the topicthat the expert chose.Topics:Prenatal development 3 stagesErikson’s stagesPiaget’s stagesAlzheimer’s diseaseAnxiety disorder Erikson’s Stages of DevelopmentalIntroduction:Several theories are proposed by various scientists to explain the human development. Everyindividual has a different combination of biological forces, psychological forces,sociocultural forces and life-cycle forces (Kail, & Cavanaugh, 2015). Development is arevolutionary series of modifications that arise in a predictable pattern due to the interactionbetween the biological and environmental factors. Some factors control the intelligence of anindividual while other determines the personality of an individual. Different scholars andpractitioners have proposed several theories to understand the process of development andthey identified different strategies that help to maximize the positive developmentaloutcomes. These principles help to determine the difference between normal and abnormaldevelopment. Health care professionals contribute to the human development as they play asignificant role in the environment of the patients and influence the patient’s life in bothpositive and negative way. Learning the developmental process helps the health careprofessionals to help the patients or individuals to manage their lives and promote optimaldevelopment for optimal health. In the present article, we will discuss the Erikson’s stages ofdevelopment (Kail, & Cavanaugh, 2015).Erikson’s Theory of Development: Erik Homburger Erikson is an American developmentalpsychologist who was born in the Germany in the year 1902. During his childhood, heexperienced an identity crisis, and He believed that most of the personality development of anindividual starts in the childhood. He employed the characteristics of a philosophicalviewpoint in understanding the personality of an individual. Though Erikson’s ideas wereinfluenced by the Freud’s theory, he did not accept that most of the development occurred inchildhood. He rather believed that believed that development is a continuous process throughout the lifespan of an individual. Unlike Freud, Erikson did not place much emphasison sexual urges rather he emphasized on the social and cultural influences. Moreover,Erikson’s ideas were based on healthy people whereas Freud’s studied the individuals withmental illness (Baltes,&Schaie, 2013). Erikson proposed a psychosocial theory of development and considered the socialinteractions at each stage of development. He stated that each pass through eight stages ofdevelopment and each stage involves a core conflict which may impose a positive or negativeresolution. These eight conflicts occur in different forms across the lifespan. Trust Vs.Mistrust is the early conflict experienced by an infant, which may be resolved poorly ininfancy if there is a lack of effective mother-infant relationship. However, the supportive andhealthy relationship in later life will develop greater trust in individual (Vogel-Scibilia,McNulty, Baxter, Miller, Dine, &Frese, 2009). Identity crisis is a most prominent crisis in Erikson’s theory. Erikson himself identified theidentity crisis during his childhood and adolescence. His personal experiences have affectedthe developmental theory which he has later envisioned and proposed to the world.According to Erikson, development of identity is the primary task for the individuals duringtheir adolescence. A healthy identity can be developed if the teenager experiences alternativepossibilities and reflects alternative identities (Perry, Hassevoort, Ruggiano, &Shtompel,2015).Erikson’s Stages of Development: Erikson’s theory was influenced by the external factors,society, and the parents’ of an individual. According to him, every person should passthrough a sequence of eight interrelated stages over the entire lifespan. Trust versus mistrust: It is the first stage of development which is experienced during the firstyear of the birth. During infancy, children form a trusting relationship with the parents and adults, or they do not develop trust. Lack of long-term interaction with an adult or patent whocan be trusted to meet infant’s needs results in mistrust. Maintaining proper eye contact andtouch with the infant will develop optimism, trust, security, and confidence (Allen, et al.,2013). Autonomy versus shame and doubt: An individual pass through this stage approximatelyduring the second year of birth. The toddlers begin to do things independently, such asfeeding and dressing, thereby they establish autonomy and a part of it are self-controlled.During this stage, the children may experience conflict over toilet training. If the children areunable to establish self-control and autonomy, they develop the feeling of shame for notbeing independent and doubt themselves (Allen, et al., 2013). Initiative versus guilt: It is experienced by the pre-schoolers who are 3 to 6 years old. A pre- schooler starts interacting with the world and tries new roles. If the children are excessivelypunished for their actions or initiatives, they develop the feeling of guilt. At some point ofthis period, the primary characteristic entails the child often interacting with differentchildren at school. Paly is crucial during this stage, as it offers children with the possibility toexplore their interpersonal abilities through starting up sports. Children start to plot activities,makeup games, and initiate activities with others. If given this possibility, children broadenan experience of initiative and feel comfortable with their ability to steer others and makechoices (Allen, et al., 2013). The child takes tasks which the parents will regularly try to forestall on the way to defend thechild. The child will frequently overstep the mark in his forcefulness, and the hazard is thatthe mother and father will tend to punish the child and restrict his initiatives an excessiveamount. It's far to this degree that the child will begin to ask many questions as for his thirstfor know-how grows. If the parents consider the child’s queries as trivial, a nuisance or embarrassing or different elements in their conduct as threatening then the child may alsohave emotions of guilt for “being a nuisance.”Industry versus guilt: It is experienced by the school going children who are 6 to 12 years old.During the elementary schooling, children are expected to master the skills of the culture. Forinstance, children of western culture are supposed to develop primary language andnumerical ability. During this stage, the child gives additional importance to his or her peerand the peer group turns into a prime source of the child’s self-esteem. The child now feelsthe need to win approval through demonstrating unique competencies which can be valued bysociety and start to expand a sense of delight in their accomplishments. The children whosucceed in mastering these skills will develop an understanding of industry whereas thechildren who fail to develop these skills will experience a sense of inferiority. Some failurecan be vital so that the child can broaden modesty. Once more, stability among competenceand humility is essential. Fulfillment on this stage will cause the virtue of expertise.Identity versus role confusion: It is experienced by the adolescents. During adolescence, theteenagers begin to establish their identity who they are, what they believe in, and what theywant to become. Trying out various possibilities and struggling to achieve them will help todevelop an identity successfully but failure to achieve identify will result in confusion. Erikson claims that the adolescent may additionally sense uncomfortable about their body forsome time until they can adapt and “develop into” the adjustments. Fulfillment on this levelwill lead to the distinctive feature of fidelity. In response to role confusion or identificationcrisis, a teen may additionally start to test with unique lifestyles (e.g. work, training orpolitical activities). Additionally pressuring someone into identification can bring about rebelinside the form of organizing a bad identity, and further to this sense of disappointment(Allen, et al., 2013).Intimacy versus isolation: It is experienced during early adulthood when a person eitherachieves intimacy with others, usually the spouse or equivalent or is at a risk of developingpsychological isolation. Generativity versus stagnation: It is experienced during the middle adulthood, during which aperson strives to contribute to the development of the society and the wellbeing of the nextgeneration. During this stage, career, work, and family play a major role in the individual’slife. The person takes responsibilities and controls the relationships. Failure of generativitymay increase the risk of stagnating (Allen, et al., 2013; Malone, Liu, Vaillant, Rentz,&Waldinger, 2016). Integrity versus despair: It is the final stage of the psychosocial theory of development. It isexperienced during the late adulthood. During this stage, the individual who can resolve allthe life’s crisis positively experiences a sense of integrity. On the other hand, an individualwho failed to resolve one or more life crises positively may develop disgust and despair(Allen, et al., 2013; Malone, Liu, Vaillant, Rentz, &Waldinger, 2016). Most of the health care professions refer Erikson’s theory to Freud’s as they do not believethat people are dominated by sexual instincts. The Erikson’s theory stresses our rational,adaptive nature which is easier to accept. It also emphasizes social conflicts and the personaldilemma that the people can remember and are currently experiencing. On the other hand,some people criticized Erikson’s theory for being vague. In conclusion, Erikson's psychosocial idea is very effective for self-recognition anddevelopment, and for teaching and supporting others. Erikson's model emphasizes thesequential importance of the eight individual-forming crisis degrees; the concept also assertsthat people maintain daily change and broaden at some point in their lives, and that character is not exclusively fashioned for the duration of early formative years. Erikson's theory is ahelpful and positive concept, and many people accept it to be realistic. "