"2. Literature Review 2.1 HIV/AIDSWhile Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune DeficiencySyndrome(HIV/AIDS) have been known as a worldwide problem since the early 1980’s, thespread of the virusin the 1930’s has been attributed to the link between long-haul transport andsex-workers in central Africa (Faria et. al. 2014). Although considerable resources have been poured into the prevention and treatment of thedisease over the past 30 years, the statistics relating to HIV/AIDS are shocking (UNAIDS 2015,UNAIDS 2016b, National AIDS Council Zambia 2015)? 2.1 million people were newly infected with HIV/AIDS worldwide in 2015o Almost 1 million (46%) of these are in Eastern/Southern Africa.? 36.7 million people worldwide currently live with HIV/AIDS.o 19 million are in Eastern/Southern Africa.o 1.2 million Zambians currently live with HIV/AIDS (13.3% of the Zambianpopulation).? By 2020, US$ 26.2 billion will be required to address the HIV/AIDS response worldwide.The United Nations (UN) recently released its AIDS strategy for the next 5 years, outliningnumerous goals.A primary aim is to reduce the new HIV/AIDS infection rate to 500,000worldwide by 2020, targeting zero new infections by 2030 (UNAIDS 2016a, p. 8-9)7 Several high-risk demographics are identified in the fight against HIV/AIDS, one of which islong-haul truck drivers (UNAIDS 2014, p. 159).Africa’s logistics network is largely focused onroad transportation – the African Development Bank (2014, p. 51) estimates that over 80 percentof goods and over 90 percent of people are transported by road throughout Africa.This translatesto thousands of daily border crossings, as goods are moved through both import and exportmarkets.2.2 ChirunduChirundu is a border town between Zambia and Zimbabwe, on the banks of the Zambezi River. Chirundu border post is the second busiest crossing in the African North-South Corridor (Curtis2009, p. 3), operating 16 hours per day, processing between 270 and 450 trucks arriving inZambia daily (Tshuma 2013, p. 2).Processing times through the border vary depending on the load being carried, and whether thegoods are transiting, or destined for delivery within Zambia.Trucks may be at Chirundu borderfor anywhere between two and ten days (Tshuma 2013, p. 1), meaning significant idle time fortruck drivers as they wait for processing.Estimates show that traffic through Chirundu borderpost will increase at a rate of five percent per annum, equating to three trucks daily (Curtis 2009,p. 31).As such, delays are likely to increase if processing remains at the same rate.Chirundutownship comprises businesses and services relating to border procedures, fromgovernment agencies and banks, to markets and traders capitalising on the transit trade.Asfrequently happens in high-transit areas, prostitution is rife in Chirundu, as women ply their tradewith idle truck drivers – often resorting to prostitution through desperation as other jobopportunities are unavailable. One study estimated that in 2011 there were 100 resident sex- 8 workers in Chirundu, with an additional 200 transient sex-workers providing services to theborder trade (Kureya&Madzinga, cited in Muqayi&Manyeruke 2015, p. 16).2.3 Sex-workers Prostitution is illegal in Zambia, so getting statistics in the HIV/AIDS prevention sector is almostimpossible.National AIDS Council reports to the UN (2015, p. 3) clearly indicate that no datahas been gathered on this demographic in Zambia.Studies indicate that rates of HIV/AIDSinfection amongst sex-workers are up to twelve times that of the rest of the population, with onestudy of sixteen Sub-Saharan African countries in 2012 indicating an infection rate of 37%amongst sex-workers (Kerrigan, D 2013, cited in UNAIDS 2014, p. 187).Studies in Zambia within this area have produced greatly varying statistics, making it difficult tofind a base level from which to work (AVERT 2016).Current legislation makes sex-workers ahighly vulnerable group in the HIV/AIDS spectrum, as there are limited resources available totarget this demographic with education, prevention and treatment programs.While the UN includes specific goals for assisting sex-workers to access HIV/AIDS preventionprogrammes throughout the world (UNAIDS 2016a, p. 10), this has proven to be historicallydifficult within Zambia as sex-workers would be prosecuted if they identify as such.2.4 Truck Drivers Long-distance truck drivers have long been considered one of the highest risk groups forcontracting HIV/AIDS.Studies have shown that HIV infection rates are considerably higher thanaverage along major transportation routes, particularly around borders, where truck drivers havesignificant down-time due to delays in processing documentation (Gordon 2005, cited inUNAIDS 2014, p. 161).9 "