"UNIT 8 D1Observation Options – (TLH)Introduction (M) The purpose of this discussion is to review observations options that are acceptablequalitative data collection methods for Capella DBA qualitative dissertations and then determinehow to address differences of the non-behavioral and behavioral. The intent is to explore andexplain how the interviewer might address non-behavioral and behavioralelements of aninterview. (E) Cooper & Schindler (2014) conveyed that much of what we learn in appliedresearch comes from observation, but the collection process is asserted to be haphazard. (E)Observations are well-recognized as scientific inquiry used to answer research questions by wayof regulating techniques (Cooper & Schindler, 2014; Creswell, 2012). (E) The research project isclarified by the approach used to gather primary data either by collecting visual data, listening,smelling, reading, and/or by touching (Cooper & Schindler, 2014). (E) The Capella DBALearner’s Handbook (2016), outlines concrete elements in the conveyance of qualitative researchdissertations and the allowed methods, to include data collection procedures and processes in theresearch design. (A) Collecting data through the means of observations is at most a skill and anart with specific attributes to note; (A) such attributeshave advantages and disadvantages ofconducting observational research. (A) Observational research can be time consuming to gainaccess to respondents in real-life settings with a high potential for role conflicts for practitionerresearchers. (A) On the other hand, observational research is good for explaining the meaning and context in the evaluation, along with providing empirical strength on validity and in-depthunderstanding of characteristics of the phenomenon. (A) All the points of observation researchwork together in an attempt to decode and translate the evaluation of the research theory. (L)Therefore, the conclusion of this writing will present the overall differences of non-behavioraland behavioral qualitative data collection themes as described by Cooper & Schindler (2014);specifically when observations studies are most useful between non-behavioral and behavioralactivities in the proposed research as endorsed by the DBA Learner’s Handbook (Capella, 2016).Application of the Theory(M) The most common method used for the collection of information about variousthings in a research study is to observe those things that are conveyed around us (Christensen,Johnson, & Turner, 2014; Cooper & Schindler, 2014). (E) Thus, it can be said that the notion ofobservation acts as a fundamental and basic method of gathering information about the worldaround us (Creswell, 2012). (E) However, one must note that observations are not just seeingthings, but it is the due-diligence of watching and understanding with deep insightin order togather information. (A) Observations are in essences, the accurate watching and nothing thingsabout the phenomenon as they occur in the nature of the setting; (A) to provide mutuallycorresponding cause and effect relationships when observed. (L) The commencement of researchis asserted to be equivalent to that of science, which begins with observations and also usesobservations at the end for final validation; its outcome is similar to basic scientific investigationprocesses (Cohen, & Crabtree, 2006).Non-Behavioral Observations of the Interview (M) Non-Behavioral observations are a process of recorded analysis, process or activityanalysis, and physical condition analysis that collect the original data at the time it occurs asdescribed by Cooper & Schindler, 2014. (E) It tends to secure information that participantswould ignore because some elements are observed as common (not seen or missed), andparticipants tend to accept observational intrusions better than responding to questions(Christensen et al. 2014; Cohen & Crabtree, 2006; Cooper & Schindler, 2014). (E) Therefore, theobserver or recording equipment must be at the scene of the study/event when it takes place inorder to capture the most reliable results; as information can be learned through overt actionsand/or surface indicators (Cohen & Crabtree, 2006; Cooper & Schindler, 2014). (A) Non- behavioral observations can be slow and even expensive; thus as an interviewer, subjectiveassessment and recording of data in the environment is likely; especially when one cannotobserve the rationale for actions, but only the actions themselves generally limits the impressionof characteristics in behavior. (A) As an observer, ones presence can be known and the methodscan be direct or indirect, simple, and systematic allowing the ability to concentrate in anenvironment that is full of distractions. (A) Of course recording can be interfered with whenconveying dual demand to where the observer role may influence the actions of others. (L)Therefore, with non-behavioral observation methods, the data gathered for any observationrepresents the quantities of the phenomenon for a particular sample of the subjects, which, inturn, represent the population of interest being observed (Christensen et al., 2014).Behavioral Observations of the Interview(M) Behavioral observations pervade as an important aspect of behavioral observationdata and are structured in a specific manner for analysis; generally patterned around one simple idea within the method. (E) According to Cooper & Schindler (2014), observational study ofrespondents can be classified into four major groups: Spatial relationship, extra linguisticbehavior, linguistic behavior, and nonverbal (p.175). (E) Studies will often demonstrate a coupleof the approaches and it is important to note the relationship between the participants and theobservers (2014). (A) As an interviewer using behavioral observations, the approach would beparticipant observations, which would be a combination of interviews and direct systematicobservations. (A) To effectively evaluate observations and noted behaviors; meaning whatpeople do and what they say they do are not always the same; even if they are being honestwould require a standardized procedures (a good checklist for measurement system analysis) anda trained observer. (A) Self reports may lack precision, detail, or be unconsciously orconsciously biased and partial. (A) Many hypotheses require the collection of behavioral data,but the approach must be done in a systematic and unbiased manner. (A) Just because a behavioris noted as being rare does not conclude that it is unimportant and just because a behavior iscommon does not conclude that it is important. (A) Some questions may be biased towardsperceived self-interest and cultural expectations: the factual versus inferential bias. (L)Behavioral observational methods regarding events that have occurred historically or in therecent past for statistical data suffer from recall error and restrictive research limitations; hence,it is asserted that the methods are poorly equipped to uncover such attributes (Christensen et al.2014; Cooper & Schindler, 2014).Conclusion(M) The purpose of this discussion was to review observations options that are acceptablequalitative data collection methods and then determine how to address differences of the non-behavioral and behavioral. The intent was to explore and explain how the interviewer mightaddress non-behavioral and behavioralelements of an interview as described herein. (E)Researchers can approach a measured qualitative study is a variety of ways for observationsthrough the use of non-behavioral or behavior observations to address and understandphenomenal characteristics in an effort to address management’s dilemma according to Cooper& Schindler, 2014. (E) Observations developed from a qualitative study are derived through non- behavioral and behavioral for measurement system analysis, and are measurements that can aidin making accurate conclusions (2014). (A) Observation studies can be more effective andprudent when properly prepared and suitable checklist to establish a systematic process to makeproper analysis. (A) It is equally important for observers to understand specific observationtechniques to avoid pitfalls of the qualitative study; notwithstanding time restraints andavailability of participants. (L) An effective observation plan, conveyed by a thorough and well- versed observer in the study environment is asserted to be important aspects of non-behavioraland behavioral approaches for research subjects (Cooper & Schindler, 2014).ReferencesCapella University. (July, 2016). DBA Learner’s Handbook. Printed version. Minneapolis, MN:University Office.Capella University. (January, 2017). PhD Dissertation Process Manual. Electronic version.Retrieved from: https://assets.capella.edu/campus/doctoral-programs/DissertationManual.pdf Christensen, L., Johnson, R., & Turner, L. (2014). Research methods, design and analysis (12thed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.Cohen, D., & Crabtree, B. (2006). Qualitative research guidelines project. Retrieved from:http://www.qualres.org/work. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Wharton SchoolPublishing. Cooper, D., & Schindler, P. (2014). Business research methods.Boston, MA: Irwin/McGraw- Hill. Creswell, J. (2012). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches(3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.MvKim, C. A. (2017). The Value of Mixed Methods Research: A Mixed Methods Study. Journalof Mixed Methods Research, 11(2), 202-222. doi:10.1177/1558689815607096SAMPLE 2[u08d1] Unit 8 Discussion 1 (NK)IntroductionThe following paper will analyze interviews as a data collection technique used in theperformance of qualitative research.In analyzing this research methodology, this paper willpresent a brief description of interviews as well as the advantages and disadvantages of utilizingthis specific research methodology.Additionally, this paper will focus on providing informationregarding how interviewers can address behavioral and non-behavioral activities of participantsbeing interviewed.The conclusion of this paper will present significant findings identifiedthrough the analysis performed and provide suggestions for future research endeavors. AnalysisInterview Analysis(M) The Capella University DBA Handbook notes that interviews are a required datacollection technique when performing qualitative research (Capella, 2016).(E)Cooper andSchindler (2014) define the interview process as a conversation between an interviewer andparticipant in which detailed responses, body language, and other verbal and non-verbal behaviorcan be observed.(E) Additionally, interviews can take place via computers, over the phone, orin a centralized location (Cooper & Schindler, 2014).(E) The authors contend that the selectionof interviews as the primary research methodology has several advantages and disadvantages(Cooper & Schindler, 2014).(E) A significant advantage of using interviews is the depth inresponses that researchers can obtain (Cooper & Schindler, 2014).(E) This can be achievedthrough the analysis of non-verbal behavior as well as the ability of the research to probe andmake follow-up inquiries based on participant responses (Cooper & Schindler, 2014).(E)Another advantage of interviews is the control that the interviewer possesses in terms of theenvironment and participant selection (Cooper & Schindler, 2014).(E) Despite these manyadvantages, there are also several disadvantages to utilizing interviews.(E) The most commondisadvantage experienced by researchers when conducting interviews is the exertion of bias orinfluence over participant responses (Opdenakker, 2006).(E) This may occur unintentionally ordue to a personal or financial conflict of interest (Cooper & Schindler, 2014).(E) Additionally,while interviews are more cost-effective than observations, interviews can be more expensiveand time-consuming than other research methodologies (Opdenakker, 2006).(E) Finally,whether due to bias or misunderstanding, the depth of research responses creates the possibility for researchers to misinterpret responses and arrive at incorrect conclusions (Opdenakker, 2006). (A) Like many other research techniques, there are both advantages and disadvantages toutilizing interviews.(A) The primary advantage to using interviews is the ability of theresearcher to collect in-depth responses from participants, whereas, the primary disadvantagesare the potential for research bias and the misinterpretation of results (Opdenakker, 2006).(A)When viewed as a trade-off to one another, it can be argued that virtually any research techniqueprovides researchers with the opportunity to implement some degree of bias (Cooper &Schindler, 2014).(A) For this reason, due to the depth of responses that can be collected, and thecost-effectiveness of interviews compared to other qualitative research techniques such asobservations, interviews are a valuable and effective research methodology that can facilitate thecollection of timely and accurate results.(L) To support the in-depth responses collected byinterviewers, it is important to analyze both the verbal and non-verbal behavior observed whenconducting interviews.Participant Observations(M) The collection of detailed responses is a significant advantage to conductinginterviews.(M) The ability of researchers to collect these responses depends on the ability ofinterviewers to effectively probe participants, in conjunction with the observation of non-verbalbehavior expressed throughout the interview process (Cooper &Schindler, 2014). (E) Cooperand Schindler (2014) contend that researchers conducting interviews have the opportunity toimprove the quantity and quality of information collected in many ways.(E) Primarily,researchers are able to probe participants to elaborate on initial responses by adjusting and askingadditional questions (Opdenakker, 2006).(E) This additional dialogue can create a conversational-type environment which, in turn, can cause participants to feel more comfortable(Opdenakker, 2006).(E) Feelings of comfort experienced by participants can result in morehonest and, therefore, accurate results (Cooper & Schindler, 2014).(E) Another advantage ofutilizing interviews is the ability of the interviewer to develop perceptions based on participantbehavior (Opdenakker, 2006).(E) The analysis of participant behavior can provide insightsregarding the attitude and emotional attachment that participants may have about a particulartopic (Opdenakker, 2006).(E)This can help to eliminate participant bias and provideresearchers with a greater understanding about the honest opinions of participants (Opdenakker,2006).(E) Finally, the analysis of participant behavior can alert the researcher as to whenrelevant information will no longer be obtainable (Opdenakker, 2006).(E) This can promptresearchers to terminate the interviewer and can save time and other costs (Opdenakker, 2006). (A) The selection of interviews as the primary research methodology provides several importantadvantages to researchers.(A) With these advantages come several clear disadvantages.(A)The probing of participants, for example, can result in the interview going off topic and result inwasted time and unusable results (Opdenakker, 2006).(A) Another potential disadvantage is thepotential for bias to be created based on the analysis of participant body language (Opdenakker,2006).(A) This bias can lead to misinterpretation of results and other complications that canpresent significant problems to the research project.(L) The noted advantages and disadvantagespresent in the utilization of interviews make this research technique complicated, but cost- effective and beneficial when conducted appropriately.Conclusion (M) In analyzing interviews as a primary research methodology, it is clear that there areseveral important advantages and disadvantages.(E) The detailed information that can beobtained is a clear advantage to utilizing research (Cooper & Schindler, 2014).(E) The potentialfor bias and misinterpretation of results are disadvantages in using this research technique(Opdenakker, 2006).(E) Additionally, the analysis of participant non-behavioral activities cancontribute to both the advantages and disadvantages of this research methodology (Opdenakker,2006).(A) It is also important for interviewers to ensure that appropriate ethical processes areimplemented in conducting interviews.(A) For example, the ability of interviewers tomanipulate participants when conducting interviews must be considered and avoided (Cooper &Schindler, 2014).(A) Additionally, informed consent from participants must be obtained whenutilizing tape recorders and other devices during the interview process (Opdenakker, 2006).(A)The research team must also take the proper steps to safeguard this information (Opdenakker,2006).(L) The implication of appropriate ethical processes can help to reduce many of thedisadvantages and difficulties that interviewers may encounter.ReferencesCapella University. (2016). DBA Handbook (2.0th ed.) Capella University.Cooper, D.R., & Schindler, P.S. (2014). Business Research Methods (12th ed.). Boston, MA:Irwin/McGraw-Hill.Opdenakker, R. (2006, September). Advantages and disadvantages of four interview techniquesin qualitative research. Forum: Qualitative Social Research 7(4)."