"Name:ID: Literature Review ExerciseWith the rising awareness of the effect that the human race is having on the atmosphere andin turn the climate, governments all over the world are facing the challenge of reducing thelevel of greenhouse gasses (GHGs) their country is responsible for. Transport alone accountsfor a staggering 27% of energy use (Edenhofer et al, 2014) and 23% of the world’sCO emissions (Sims et al, 2014). As a result, the transport sector is at the forefront of many2 of the GHG reduction efforts by the various governments all over the world. The Australian government has made it mandatory that tests be run on all vehicles up to 3.5tonnes gross vehicle mass (GVM) for both fuel consumption and CO emissions which are2 then recorded of the Green Vehicle Guide (GVG) website (www.greenvehicleguide.gov.au).There are also Australian Design Rules (ADRs) which manufacturers must meet in regards toemissions which adopt all the essential requirements from the United Nations United NationsWorld Forum for the Harmonisation of Vehicle Regulations (UN Regulation 83/06). In theseADRs, diesel vehicles must meet a particle number limit and a nitrogen oxide (NO ) level tox comply (ADR 79/04).To meet the NO standards, EGR systems were implemented. This system recirculates ax portion of the exhaust gas back into the combustion chamber of the cylinder. This lowers theamount of oxygen in the combustion mixture, which in turn results in a lower combustionchamber temperature. As NO is produced when nitrogen and oxygen are subjected to highxtemperatures and pressures, this system lessens the level of NO produced (Jain et al, 2013).x The pollutants of concern (particulate matter (PM), hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide(CO) and nitrogen oxide (NO )) account for less than 1% of the exhaust emissions (Agarwal,x Singh& Agarwal 2011), so whist the levels are very small, they are still enough to beconsidered harmful to humans and the environment (Agarwal et al, 2011).The lowering of NO comes at the cost of higher fuel consumption as well as PM, HC andx CO (Agarwal et al, 2011). Of particular interest is the increase of soot which is a direct resultof the reduction in combustion temperatures caused by the EGR (Ladommatos et al, 1996).Agarwal et al. (2011) came to the conclusion that these high soot levels deposit on and causewear on important parts of the engine such as piston rings, intake piping and butterflies,cylinder lining etc. It also is detrimental to engine oil and as a result, the engine itself, due tothe high particle levels which contaminate the oil (Gautam et al, 1999). The most visibleproblem is the heavy buildup of carbon deposits in the intake system which results in arestricted airflow. The following pictures are from my own vehicle, a 2004 Mitsubishi PajeroDirect Injection Diesel (DiD) with 160,000km illustrating this carbon buildup. This vehicleuses a cooled EGR system. To have this removed by a mechanic costs around $700-$1000.Agarwal et al. (2011) focused on the wear of piston rings, injectors, cylinder head and pistoncrown by running an engine for 96 hours without EGR and then 96 hours with EGR takingmeasurements and notes of the wear in each scenario. They recorded thermal efficiency andfuel use, amoung other things. The test engine used was a 2 cylinder, direct injection, aircooled diesel engine. Of particular note, they recorded that hydrocarbons (HC) and carbonmonoxide (CO) increased as EGR increased due to the rich air-fuel mixture. Photos of theengines internals during the process show significant deposits of soot on the cylinder head,pistons and injectors. Piston ring wear was calculated using their weight before and after thetrials. In the tests with no EGR, the top compression ring and the oil ring wear was calculatedat 0.5%. When run with EGR, the top compression ring wear was lower at 0.3% due to thelower combustion temperatures, but the oil ring wear was 0.9%. These tests by Agarwal et al. (2011) were only over 96hours, and a small diesel engine. Iwould like to study a full size passenger vehicle engine and over an extended period equatingto about 150,000km which is roughly the half-life of the engine. In addition to the physical engine wear, I would also like to examine the financial implications the EGR system mayhave for the vehicle owner over this time period if they were to try to maintain optimumefficiency by keeping their engine and intake free from this carbon buildup.1. Selecting quantitative and/or qualitativeapproach(s)2.1 Selecting a quantitative approach1. Define variable(s) that you need to measure in your research (quantitative source(s)of data).To be able to make a fair comparison, I will to identical motors and submit them to the samesimulated driving patterns with various loading levels. One will have EGR fitted the otherwill not.I will need to measure and record from both of these engines the following:a. Level of carbon buildup, either in % blocked or mm thick at set intervals.b. A record of the simulated driving pattern (loaded, unloaded etc).I will also need to obtain quotes from a number of mechanics for a variety of commonvehicles to remove all intake systems and clean them of the carbon buildup.Research on car forums is also a good indicator as to how long different vehicles last beforetheir intake needs to be cleaned. 2. Describe the factors that indicate you do not need to WORK with people directly assubjects to gather qualitative data.I do not require qualitative data for my research, but will be required to interact with anumber of subjects both online and in person to gather quantitative data.3. Describe the factors that might dictate a high level of structure in this research.For this research to be accurate a large number of measurements will be taken over aconsiderable amount of time (enough to run the engine for the equivalent of about 6 years ofnormal driving). These will then need to be graphed, analysed and then any associated repaircosts estimated against the amount of carbon buildup.2.2 Selecting a qualitative approach1. Describe the qualitative source(s) of data that you need for your research thatcannot easily be converted to quantitative information.I will only be gathering and analysing quantitative data in this research.2. Describe the factors that indicate you need to work with people directly as subjectson this problem to gather qualitative data.I will be working with subjects to gather quantitative data, but not qualitative data.3. Describe factors that might dictate a low level of structure in this research.As outlined in 2.1, this research will have a high level of structure. "