"Running Head: CORRUPTION IN SPORTS1Corruption in SportsName of the Student:Name of the University:Author’s Note: Corruption in Sports 2Table of Contents1.0 Introduction to Corruption in Soccer 32.0 Types of Corruption 32.1 Gambling and Betting 42.2 Match fixing 42.3 Bribery 53.0 Prolific Form of Corruption 54.0 Conclusion 9References 10 Corruption in Sports 31.0 Introduction to Corruption in SoccerWithout a doubt, soccer is one of the most famous sports in the world. It is a source ofhappiness for the fans but somehow the corruption is spoiling the game and its spirit. Corruptionin the Soccer world is an immense issue and causing trouble which is hampering the image andthe spirit of the game. There are people involved who are doing this for the monetary benefitsand only tampering the image of the game and its value in the hearts of the fans (Raventós &Zolezzi, 2011). The corruption is caused because certain actions of the clubs, agents and theofficials related to the game, whose involvement is for personal gains and nothing else. Peoplelook up to this game and the players and it gives them immense happiness and motivation.Corruption is taking this away from the fans and the people associated with the game.Soccer iswatched by millions around the world and supported by even more (McNamee, 2013). Thispaper aims at highlighting the allegations and incidents related to corruption in soccer. The paperalso states the manner in which immense negativity for the fans and people associated with thegame closely is created. It has shown a bad side of the popularity of game that has taken over thespirit of the game (Lamont, Hing, & Gainsbury, 2011).2.0 Types of CorruptionEvery game is supposed to be played unhampered by the forces that destroy the imageand spirit of the game. If there is corruption around the game, it loses the importance and the fanbase it deserves. There are various types of corruptions that tamper the game. They are gamblingor betting, Match fixing and bribery. Corruption in Sports 42.1 Gambling and BettingGambling and betting on soccer games is a growing global industry which is huge andthat can be concluded with the fact that it is worth billions of pounds per year. The growth ofonline betting is also a relevant growth over the years. Billions of pounds involved in bettingincluding both legal and illegal betting in sports and about 70% of the same is related to soccer.Considering the popularity of the game, the amount involved is huge (Croxson & Reade, 2013).Due to advancement in internet services and mobile devices, the people are able to make quickaccess which makes betting much easy. The media such as television channels and coverage oflive soccer matches across the world increases interest and opportunity for the people interestedin betting. This has led to the widespread practice of "in-running" betting, where the parties canbet their money based on the live updates (Gainsbury, 2012)2.2 Match fixingMatch fixing is the malpractice of fraudulently determining the outcome by bribing orusing other methods, of the matches before even they are played. Fixing a match’s outcome andthen betting accordingly for the personal gains, that is a practice done in case of soccer and it hasbeen around for a while now (Bag & Saha, 2011).The betting scandals can be traced back to1915 when 7 players were banned after Manchester United defeated Liverpool 2-0 in the matchat Old Trafford where the penalty was missed by the visitors (Wheatcroft, 2013). Theinvestigation started after getting complaints from bookmakers and that indicated a run of bets onthe goals in each half of the match. In the earlier 2013, 58 Chinese football officials were foundinvolved and given a ban on match fixing and later on 14 people were arrested by the police inSingapore who were said to be a part of a gang which was involved in match-fixing globally. Corruption in Sports 5The match fixing has been detected involving all the major nations with soccer as their primarysports. England, France, Italy and many other countries had the incidents involving match fixingsand arrests (Wheatcroft, 2013).2.3 BriberyBribery has been a problem as it affects the decision making everywhere across theworld. Recently seven officials from FIFA have been arrested by the US Department of Justice(Fortune.com, 2016). These officials were the governing body of international soccer. TheUnited states were investigating the bribery relating to the broadcast of the world cups but theyfound evidence related to the world cups bidding too (Anderson et al., 2012). Few moments laterthe Swiss officials opened another investigation in the bidding process for the world cup 2018 tobe held in Russia. Another investigation was also opened for world cup 2022 to be held in Qatar(Fortune.com, 2016). One of the informants, who was also a former FIFA official admitted totaking bribes for awarding the world cups hosting to France (1998) and to South Africa (2010).Now the investigation started by the Swiss officials for is to figure out the bribery involved in thebidding of 2018 and 2022 world cups to be held in Russia and Qatar respectively (Fortune.com,2016). 3.0 Prolific Form of CorruptionAs identified in the previous section, the different forms of corruption are match fixing,betting, bribery and gambling. Out of these forms, it is interpreted that match fixing is the mostprolific form of corruption in soccer (Abrams, 2010). Various match-fixing incidents have beenreported that act as evidence that match fixing cases are present widely(Hill, 2010). According toChappelet (2016), match fixing has become a new sport for the sport organizations in the twenty-Corruption in Sports 6first century. Not only the sport organizations, but it is a new scourge for the stakeholders.Several cases have been reported where the players or officials have been penalized and/or facedlifetime ban from the sport (Giulianotti, 2011). Match fixing has been termed as ‘epidemic’ inthe words of Banks (2016). It is further argued that it is easier for the lower league players to getcorrupt (Humphreys & Howard, 2010). However, the players and officials involved in WorldCup seem to be no less involved in corruption through match fixing (Feustel & Rodenberg,2015). One of the most important motivations that make people involved in soccer match fixingis money. It is argued that money alone is the sole reason for people to get involved in matchfixing. It is interpreted that the individuals get involved in match fixing as it is easier tomanipulate referees than the team players in soccer (Dunn, 2016). As stated in the AssociatedPress, El Salvador claimed that the team players were offered money for helping Honduras forqualifying in World Cup. It was reported that Honduras would lose the second place in Worldcup if Canada won the match and eliminates the opponent from qualifying. Further, it was foundthat the businessman Ricardo Padilla has offered players money before and has done it again.However, investigations are still going on for this case (Washingtonpost.com, 2016).Banks (2016) argues that several sports such as basketball, table tennis, hockey andvolleyball have match fixing as endemic. But in the case of soccer, match fixing is considered anepidemic as the proportion of scandals in this sport is higher than any other sport. Anotherincident is reported by Canadian broadcast television network where three former South AfricanFootball Association (SAFA) officials were banned by FIFA for match fixing. The people weresuspected when South Africa won over Guatemala with a score of 5-0 out of which three goalswere made through penalty kicks. Another friendly world-cup score of 4-0 against Thailand were Corruption in Sports 7also sought for involvement in match fixing. The SAFA were found guilty of misconduct andwrong-doing. The officials also prevented Perumal's referees and did not allow them to takecontrol of warm-up games in the World Cup. It was reported that the officials used an amount of$10 million to be the World Cup host and the officials were arrested and penalized for the same(Cbc.ca, 2016). One of the former strikers of England Delroy Facey was found guilty in a trialfor conspiring and bribing the players for match fixing. The player was offered £15,000 whichwas considered as easy money for the player. The player was found guilty as evidence ofWhatsapp and Skype conversations were presented in the court (Theguardian.com, 2015). The above incidents report the arrest of a few officials in every case. However, it wouldbe astonishing to present the findings of the reports coming from Italy. The reports suggest thatthe former Italy midfielder, Gennaro Gattuso was involved in match-fixing. On deeperinvestigation, it was found that over 50 people were arrested for match fixing in Italy since theyear 2011. A few other people who were arrested were Fabio Quadri, Francesco Bazzani andRoberto Di Martino (Theguardian.com, 2013). Therefore, it is interpreted that the fixing issue inSoccer is a symptom of a larger problem. The people who do not follow soccer or understand itmust have also heard about the Africa Cup of Nations. The people expected Nigeria to win,however the pointers were only 1-0(Brooks, Lee, & Kim, 2012). The reports suggest that theBurkinabe team encountered several issues such as poor refereeing to multiple injuries inplayers. It was delightful for the soccer fans to see the players working hard to score against theiropponent. There were accuses made for the players being on drugs and it is unfortunate forsoccer to face such issues (Kordas, 2016). Match-fixing is increasing and taking a much greater place in soccer, but gambling onsoccer is a growing industry with transactions of billions of pounds annually and globally. Corruption in Sports 8Betting on soccer is an emerging phenomenon as the people are wagering huge sums bringing itto a threat of match-fixing (Nilsson & Andersson, 2010). Going by the history of cheating insports, it is estimated that the illegal market of gambling is worth $700bn out of which 70% isearned through soccer trade (Keogh & Rose, 2013). It is analysed that the people are betting onover 55,000 matches annually out of which 500 matches are potentially fixed(Keogh & Rose,2013). These activities are leading to run millions of pounds through criminal activities.According to the Interpol, 2300 raids have been conducted for disrupting match fixers. TheInterpol have seized over $27m and bets are worth $2billion (Keogh & Rose, 2013).It is further analysed that people are betting on a wide array of options in differentcountries. In Asia, the people are found wagering on choices of draw, win or lose. In case ofEurope, the people are found wagering on a wide array of choices than the straightforward ones(Spapens & Olfers, 2015; Hassan & Hamil, 2013). A few examples are betting on the correctscore, hat-trick, and number of goals, penalty, sending-off or amount of corners (Veuthey, 2014).Additionally, people are also betting on time-specific odds such as penalty in the last five- minutes of the match. It is interpreted that the betting and gambling is not a new phenomenon(Xu & Harvey, 2014). The trend has only been rising in the recent times as the people are in ahope of winning cash prizes (Hill, 2010). Very often, there are concerns if betting is legal or illegal. It is found that betting onsports is ban in a few countries, but the people find it more attractive to bet as the winnings arelucrative. The arrangement of gambling is made on mutual trust and there are no records of bets.Risk is taken by the gamblers (Towfigh & Glöckner, 2011). Going down the history, sevenBritish players were banned in 1915 at the match where Manchester United beat Liverpool by 2-"